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Review
. 2023 Feb 24;23(5):2545.
doi: 10.3390/s23052545.

A Survey of the Performance-Limiting Factors of a 2-Dimensional RSS Fingerprinting-Based Indoor Wireless Localization System

Abdulmalik Shehu Yaro  1   2 , Filip Maly  1 , Pavel Prazak  1
Affiliations
Review

A Survey of the Performance-Limiting Factors of a 2-Dimensional RSS Fingerprinting-Based Indoor Wireless Localization System

Abdulmalik Shehu Yaro et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

A receive signal strength (RSS) fingerprinting-based indoor wireless localization system (I-WLS) uses a localization machine learning (ML) algorithm to estimate the location of an indoor user using RSS measurements as the position-dependent signal parameter (PDSP). There are two stages in the system's localization process: the offline phase and the online phase. The offline phase starts with the collection and generation of RSS measurement vectors from radio frequency (RF) signals received at fixed reference locations, followed by the construction of an RSS radio map. In the online phase, the instantaneous location of an indoor user is found by searching the RSS-based radio map for a reference location whose RSS measurement vector corresponds to the user's instantaneously acquired RSS measurements. The performance of the system depends on a number of factors that are present in both the online and offline stages of the localization process. This survey identifies these factors and examines how they impact the overall performance of the 2-dimensional (2-D) RSS fingerprinting-based I-WLS. The effects of these factors are discussed, as well as previous researchers' suggestions for minimizing or mitigating them and future research trends in RSS fingerprinting-based I-WLS.

Keywords: ML algorithm; RSS; fingerprinting; indoor localization.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Fingerprinting-based indoor localization process.
Figure 2
Figure 2
RSS fingerprinting-based I-WLS publication frequency trend for different wireless technology.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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