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. 2023 May:95:106350.
doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106350. Epub 2023 Mar 2.

Hydrodynamic cavitation coupled with zero-valent iron produces radical sulfate radicals by sulfite activation to degrade direct red 83

Nastaran Azizollahi  1 , Ensiyeh Taheri  2 , Mohammad Mehdi Amin  2 , Arvin Rahimi  1 , Ali Fatehizadeh  3 , Xun Sun  4 , Sivakumar Manickam  5
Affiliations

Hydrodynamic cavitation coupled with zero-valent iron produces radical sulfate radicals by sulfite activation to degrade direct red 83

Nastaran Azizollahi et al. Ultrason Sonochem. 2023 May.

Abstract

In the present research, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) and zero-valent iron (ZVI) were used to generate sulfate radicals through sulfite activation as a new source of sulfate for the efficient degradation of Direct Red 83 (DR83). A systematic analysis was carried out to examine the effects of operational parameters, including the pH of the solution, the doses of ZVI and sulfite salts, and the composition of the mixed media. Based on the results, the degradation efficiency of HC/ZVI/sulfite is highly dependent upon the pH of the solution and the dosage of both ZVI and sulfite. Degradation efficiency decreased significantly with increasing solution pH due to a lower corrosion rate for ZVI at high pH. The corrosion rate of ZVI can be accelerated by releasing Fe2+ ions in an acid medium, reducing the concentration of radicals generated even though ZVI is solid/originally non-soluble in water. The degradation efficiency of the HC/ZVI/sulfite process (95.54 % + 2.87%) was found to be significantly higher under optimal conditions than either of the individual processes (<6% for ZVI and sulfite and 68.21±3.41% for HC). Based on the first-order kinetic model, the HC/ZVI/sulfite process has the highest degradation constant of 0.035±0.002 min-1. The contribution of radicals to the degradation of DR83 by the HC/ZVI/sulfite process was 78.92%, while the contribution of SO4•- and •OH radicals was 51.57% and 48.43%, respectively. In the presence of HCO3- and CO32- ions, DR83 degradation is retarded, whereas SO42- and Cl- ions promote degradation. To summarise, the HC/ZVI/sulfite treatment can be viewed as an innovative and promising method of treating recalcitrant textile wastewater.

Keywords: Advanced oxidation; Decolorization; Direct Red 83; Hydrodynamic cavitation; Sulfate radicals; Zero-valent iron.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
(a) Degradation of DR83 by HC/ZVI/sulfite process under different solution pH, and (b) difference in initial and final pH. Experimental conditions: [DR83]0 = 20.0 mg/L, [ZVI]0 = 50.0 mg/L, [sulfite]0 = 50.0 mg/L, airflow = 1.5 L/min, solution pH0 = 3.0–9.0, and reaction time = 5–60 min.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
(a) Influence of ZVI dose on the degradation of DR83 through HC/ZVI/sulfite process, and (b) kinetic rate constant. Experimental conditions: [DR83]0 = 20.0 mg/L, [ZVI]0 = 50.0–300.0 mg/L, [sulfite]0 = 50.0 mg/L, airflow = 1.5 L/min, solution pH = 3.0, and reaction time = 50–60 min.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
(a) Effect of sulfite dose on DR83 degradation by the HC/ZVI/sulfite process, and (b) kinetic rate constant. Experimental conditions: [DR83]0 = 20.0 mg/L, [ZVI]0 = 200.0 mg/L, [sulfite]0 = 50.0–300.0 mg/L, airflow = 1.5 L/min, solution pH = 3.0, and reaction time: 5–60 min.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
(a) Influence of the initial DR83 concentration on DR83 degradation through the HC/ZVI/sulfite process and (b) kinetic rate constant. Experimental conditions: [DR83]0 = 20.0–200.0 mg/L, [ZVI]0 = 200.0 mg/L, [sulfite]0 = 250.0 mg/L, airflow = 1.5 L/min, solution pH = 3.0, and reaction time = 5–60 min.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
(a) Influence of air purging on DR83 degradation using HC/ZVI/sulfite process and (b) kinetic rate constant. Experimental conditions: [DR83]0 = 50.0 mg/L, [ZVI]0 = 200.0 mg/L, [sulfite]0 = 250.0 mg/L, solution pH = 3.0, and reaction time = 5–60 min.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
(a) The degradation of DR83 using sulfite, ZVI, HC, ZVI/sulfite, and HC/ZVI/sulfite processes and (b) kinetic rate constant. Experimental conditions: [DR83]0 = 50.0 mg/L, [ZVI]0 = 200.0 mg/L, [sulfite]0 = 250.0 mg/L, pH = 3.0, airflow = 3.0 L/min, and reaction time = 5–60 min.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Effect of radical scavengers on DR83 degradation by the HC/ZVI/sulfite system. Experimental conditions: [DR83]0 = 50.0 mg/L, [ZVI]0 = 200.0 mg/L, [sulfite]0 = 250.0 mg/L, pH = 3.0, airflow = 3.0 L/min, concentration of scavengers = 15 mM and reaction time = 5–60 min.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Effect of co-existing anion on DR83 degradation by the HC/ZVI/sulfite process. Experimental conditions: [DR83]0 = 50.0 mg/L, [ZVI]0 = 200.0 mg/L, [sulfite]0 = 250.0 mg/L, pH = 3.0, airflow = 3.0 L/min, concentration of anions = 15 mM and reaction time = 5–60 min.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Variation of the visible absorbance spectrum of DR83 dye during the HC/ZVI/sulfite process. Experimental conditions: [DR83]0 = 50.0 mg/L, [ZVI]0 = 200.0 mg/L, [sulfite]0 = 250.0 mg/L, pH = 3.0, air flow = 3.0 L/min, and reaction time = 5–60 min.
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