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. 2023 Jun 10:876:162768.
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162768. Epub 2023 Mar 11.

Mammographic density in the environs of multiple industrial sources

Tamara Jiménez  1 , Marina Pollán  2 , Alejandro Domínguez-Castillo  3 , Pilar Lucas  4 , María Ángeles Sierra  5 , Adela Castelló  6 , Nerea Fernández de Larrea-Baz  7 , David Lora-Pablos  8 , Dolores Salas-Trejo  9 , Rafael Llobet  10 , Inmaculada Martínez  11 , Marina Nieves Pino  12 , Mercedes Martínez-Cortés  13 , Beatriz Pérez-Gómez  14 , Virgina Lope  15 , Javier García-Pérez  16
Affiliations
Free article

Mammographic density in the environs of multiple industrial sources

Tamara Jiménez et al. Sci Total Environ. .
Free article

Abstract

Background: Mammographic density (MD), defined as the percentage of dense fibroglandular tissue in the breast, is a modifiable marker of the risk of developing breast cancer. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of residential proximity to an increasing number of industrial sources in MD.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1225 premenopausal women participating in the DDM-Madrid study. We calculated distances between women's houses and industries. The association between MD and proximity to an increasing number of industrial facilities and industrial clusters was explored using multiple linear regression models.

Results: We found a positive linear trend between MD and proximity to an increasing number of industrial sources for all industries, at distances of 1.5 km (p-trend = 0.055) and 2 km (p-trend = 0.083). Moreover, 62 specific industrial clusters were analyzed, highlighting the significant associations found between MD and proximity to the following 6 industrial clusters: cluster 10 and women living at ≤1.5 km (β = 10.78, 95 % confidence interval (95%CI) = 1.59; 19.97) and at ≤2 km (β = 7.96, 95%CI = 0.21; 15.70); cluster 18 and women residing at ≤3 km (β = 8.48, 95%CI = 0.01; 16.96); cluster 19 and women living at ≤3 km (β = 15.72, 95%CI = 1.96; 29.49); cluster 20 and women living at ≤3 km (β = 16.95, 95%CI = 2.90; 31.00); cluster 48 and women residing at ≤3 km (β = 15.86, 95%CI = 3.95; 27.77); and cluster 52 and women living at ≤2.5 km (β = 11.09, 95%CI = 0.12; 22.05). These clusters include the following industrial activities: surface treatment of metals/plastic, surface treatment using organic solvents, production/processing of metals, recycling of animal waste, hazardous waste, urban waste-water treatment plants, inorganic chemical industry, cement and lime, galvanization, and food/beverage sector.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that women living in the proximity to an increasing number of industrial sources and those near certain types of industrial clusters have higher MD.

Keywords: Breast cancer; Breast density; Industrial cluster; Industrial pollution; Industry.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.