Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Feb 22:11:1119374.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1119374. eCollection 2023.

Trends and risk factors of global incidence, mortality, and disability of genitourinary cancers from 1990 to 2019: Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Yi-Qun Tian  1 , Jin-Cui Yang  2 , Jun-Jie Hu  2 , Rong Ding  3 , Da-Wei Ye  2 , Ji-Wen Shang  4
Affiliations

Trends and risk factors of global incidence, mortality, and disability of genitourinary cancers from 1990 to 2019: Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Yi-Qun Tian et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: The incidence of kidney, bladder, and prostate cancer ranked ninth, sixth, and third in male cancers respectively, meanwhile, the incidence of testicular cancer also increased gradually in the past 30 years.

Objective: To study and present estimates of the incidence, mortality, and disability of kidney, bladder, prostate, and testicular cancer by location and age from 1990 to 2019 and reveal the mortality risk factors of them.

Materials: The Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019 was used to obtain data for this research. The prediction of cancer mortality and incidence was based on mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). The MIR data was processed by logistic regression and adjusted by Gaussian process regression. The association between the socio-demographic index and the incidence or disease burden was determined by Spearman's rank order correlation.

Results: Globally in 2019, there were 371,700 kidney cancer cases with an age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 4.6 per 100,000, 524,300 bladder cancer cases, with an ASIR of 6.5 per 100,000, 1,410,500 prostate cancer cases with an ASIR of 4.6 per 100,000 and 109,300 testicular cancer incident cases with an ASIR of 1.4 per 100,000, the ASIR of these four cancers increased by 29.1, 4, 22, and 45.5% respectively. The incidence rate of the four cancers and the burden of kidney cancer were positively correlated with the socio-demographic index (SDI), regions with a higher SDI faced more of a burden attributable to these four cancers. High body-mass index has surpassed smoking to be the leading risk factor in the past thirty years for kidney cancer mortality. Smoking remained the leading risk factor for cancer-related mortality for bladder cancer and prostate cancer and the only risk factor for prostate cancer. However, the contribution of high fasting plasma glucose to bladder cancer mortality has been increasing.

Conclusion: The incidence of bladder, kidney, prostate, and testicular cancer is ever-increasing. High-income regions face a greater burden attributable to the four cancers. In addition to smoking, metabolic risk factors may need more attention.

Keywords: disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); genitourinary cancers; global burden of disease (GBD); incidence; mortality.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of kidney cancer (A) bladder cancer (B) prostate cancer (C) and testicular cancer (D) for both sexes in 204 countries and territories in 2019.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The correlation between global age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and socio-demographic index (SDI) for kidney cancer (A) bladder cancer (B) prostate cancer (C) and testicular cancer (D) for both sexes in different regions.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The temporal trends of age standardized incidence rate (ASIR) for kidney cancer (A) bladder cancer (B) prostate cancer (C) and testicular cancer (D) from 1990 to 2019, for both sexes by socio-demographic index (SDI).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The temporal trends of global age standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age standardized disability adjusted life year rate (ASDR) by sexes for kidney cancer (A, E) bladder cancer (B, F) prostate cancer (C, G) and testicular cancer (D, H) from 1990 to 2019.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The change of global mortality rate and DALY rate per 100,000 people with age for kidney cancer (A, E) bladder cancer (B, F) prostate cancer (C, G) and testicular cancer (D, H) for both sexes in 2019.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The temporal trends of global age standardized mortality rate (ASMR) attributable to risk factors of kidney cancer (A) bladder cancer (B) and prostate cancer (C) for both sexes from 1990 to 2019.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E. The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer. (2021) 127:3029–30. 10.1002/cncr.33587 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Cancer J Clin. (2021) 71:209–49. 10.3322/caac.21660 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dy GW, Gore JL, Forouzanfar MH, Naghavi M, Fitzmaurice C. Global burden of urologic cancers, 1990-2013. Eur Urol. (2017) 71:437–46. 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.10.008 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ebrahimi H, Amini E, Pishgar F, Moghaddam SS, Nabavizadeh B, Rostamabadi Y, et al. . Global, regional and national burden of bladder cancer, 1990 to 2016: results from the GBD study 2016. J Urol. (2019) 201:893–901. 10.1097/JU.0000000000000025 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Zhai Z, Zheng Y, Li N, Deng Y, Zhou L, Tian T, et al. . Incidence and disease burden of prostate cancer from 1990 to 2017: results from the global burden of disease study. Cancer. (2017) 126:1969–78. 10.1002/cncr.32733 - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

Supplementary concepts