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. 2023 Mar 10;13(12):8101-8113.
doi: 10.1039/d3ra00283g. eCollection 2023 Mar 8.

Gold and palladium supported on an ionic liquid modified Fe-based metal-organic framework (MOF) as highly efficient catalysts for the reduction of nitrophenols, dyes and Sonogashira-Hagihara reactions

Shirin Karimi  1 , Mohammad Gholinejad  1   2 , Rahimeh Khezri  3 , José M Sansano  4   5 , Carmen Nájera  5 , Miguel Yus  5
Affiliations

Gold and palladium supported on an ionic liquid modified Fe-based metal-organic framework (MOF) as highly efficient catalysts for the reduction of nitrophenols, dyes and Sonogashira-Hagihara reactions

Shirin Karimi et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

Two supported noble metal species, gold and palladium anchored on an ionic liquid-modified Fe-based metal-organic framework (MOF), were successfully synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TEM, XPS, SEM, EDX, and elemental mapping. The ionic liquid post-modified MOF was used for anchoring Au or Pd at ppm levels, and the resulting materials were employed as catalysts in the reduction of nitrophenol isomers, dyes, and Sonogashira-Hagihara reactions. Using the Au@Fe-MOF-IL catalyst, reduction of nitrophenol isomers, as well as the reductive degradation of dyes, e.g., methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and methyl red (MR) were performed efficiently in water. On the other hand, Pd@Fe-MOF-IL was used as an effective catalyst in the Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling reaction of aryl iodides and bromides using very low amounts of Pd. These catalysts were recycled and reused for several runs without deteriorating remarkably in catalytic performance.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1. Synthesis of Au@Fe-MOF-IL and Pd@Fe-MOF-IL and their application as catalyst.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1. IR spectrum of Fe-MOF-IL, Au@Fe-MOF-IL and Pd@Fe-MOF-IL.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. XPS analysis of Au@Fe-MOF-IL from (a) Au, (b) Fe, (c) Br, (d) C, (e) O and (f) N, and XPS analysis of Pd@Fe-MOF-IL from (g) Pd, (h) C, (i) Fe, (j) O, (k) N and (l) Br.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. SEM images of Fe-MOF-IL (a, b and f), Au@Fe-MOF-IL (c), and Pd@Fe-MOF-IL (d). TEM images of Fe-MOF-IL (e and g), Au@Fe-MOF-IL (h and i) and Pd@Fe-MOF-IL (j and k) in different magnification.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. EDX analysis of Au@Fe-MOF-IL, and Pd@Fe-MOF-IL.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Elemental mapping images of Au@Fe-MOF-IL (a–h), and Pd@Fe-MOF-IL (i–p).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6. UV-vis absorption spectra of (a) 4-nitrophenol (b) 3-nitrophenol (c) 2-nitrophenol reduction with Au@Fe-MOF-IL in the presence of NaBH4. (d) Plot of ln(C/C0) versus reaction time derived from spectra showed in (a)–(c).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7. UV-vis absorption spectra of (a) MB (b) MO (c) MR reduction with Au@Fe-MOF-IL in the presence of NaBH4. (d) Plot of ln(C/C0) versus reaction time derived from spectra showed in (a)–(c).
Fig. 8
Fig. 8. Filtration test of Pd@Fe-MOF-IL in the Sonogashira–Hagihara reaction.
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