Systematic review of the relationship between Hollenhorst plaques and cerebrovascular events

Abstract

Background: Few studies have evaluated the association between asymptomatic cholesterol emboli on fundoscopy (known as Hollenhorst plaque) and the subsequent risk of stroke or death.¹.

Aim: To evaluate the association between the presence of asymptomatic cholesterol retinal emboli and the risk of cerebrovascular events, with assessment of the need for carotid intervention.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched using appropriate terms. The systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines.

Results: Initial search revealed 43 in Medline and 46 in Embase databases. Twenty-four potentially eligible studies were included after duplicate and non-related studies were excluded based on title and abstract. Three more studies were identified from reference lists. Seventeen studies were included in the final analysis. Asymptomatic cholesterol emboli were present in 1343 patients. Approximately 17.8% (n = 181) had history of either cerebro-vascular Accident (CVA) or transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs) at presentation (more than 6 months). Nine studies mentioned the incidence of cerebrovascular events during follow-up. Of 780 patients, 93 evolved to stroke, TIAs, or death from a major carotid event during the follow-up period (6-86 m), an incidence of about 12%. Death due to stroke was documented in 3 studies (n = 12).

Conclusion: The presence of asymptomatic retinal emboli indicates a risk of a cerebrovascular event when compared to patients with no plaques seen on fundoscopy. The evidence suggests that these patients warrant referral for medical optimization of cardiovascular risk factors. Currently, there is no recommendation to support carotid endarterectomy in patients with Hollenhorst plaques, or retinal emboli, and further studies are needed to assess this.

Keywords: Hollenhorst plaque; cholesterol emboli; retinal emboli; stroke; transient ischaemic attack.