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. 2023 Feb 26;9(3):e14109.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14109. eCollection 2023 Mar.

The study of sigma and carbide in cast austenitic stainless-steel grade HH after 24 years of high-temperature service

Dominico M Aditya  1 , Husaini Ardy  1 , Yorina S F Lantang  1 , Yuli S Afrianti  2 , Nisa F F Ilmi  2 , Udjianna S Pasaribu  2
Affiliations

The study of sigma and carbide in cast austenitic stainless-steel grade HH after 24 years of high-temperature service

Dominico M Aditya et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) has been widely used for long-term service periods in high-temperature applications. Nonetheless, the behavior of CASS after high-temperature and long-term service is insufficiently researched alongside the microstructural analysis for sigma phase and carbide. Here, intermediate pipe support made from CASS grade HH was investigated after 24 years of service at 700 °C and compared with the solution-treated specimen at 1100 °C for 2 h. The chemical composition was analyzed by optical emission spectroscopy (OES), while the microstructure was observed using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The confirmation of phase composition and lattice parameters were further analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). The mechanical properties were assessed by tensile tests, hardness tests, and impact tests, whereas the corrosion property was analyzed using potentiodynamic polarization. Based on experiment and analysis, the effects of 24 years of exposure on the sigma phase are spheroidization and Cr depletion, and even partial transformation to ferrite. The sigma phase significantly increases the hardness, but Cr depletion slightly reduces the hardness to 96.86 HRB. Meanwhile, the carbide will increase in quantity and develop an irregular interface at long-term high-temperature exposure. Microstructure evolution of the sigma phase and carbide decreased tensile strength to 46%, elongation to 3%, and impact value to 1.6% of the minimum specifications, respectively, while the corrosion rate increased 10 times (about 7.35 μm per year).

Keywords: Aging; Carbide; High-temperature degradation; Sigma; Stainless steel.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests. PT. Chandra Asri Petrochemical (Tbk) was mentioned in this paper only to describe the contribution of scientific information used in the overall analysis written by the Authors. Any findings or conclusions stated in this paper are of the Authors and do not represent PT. Chandra Asri Petrochemical (Tbk) in any capacity.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Thermal cracker plant and pipe support illustration.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Cut pieces of LSSH intermediate pipe support.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Cross-section of the specimen with three defined regions.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
XRD spectrum of the test specimen.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Microstructure of as received specimen in (a) NS and (b) BS; and solution treated specimen in (c) NS and (d) BS after etching with modified Murakami.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Sigma phase grain diameter distribution in (a) NS and (b) BS.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Microstructure of as-received specimen in (a) NS and (b) BS after etching with NACE TM0498.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
SEM images and EDX location of (a) NS and (b) BS of as-received specimen; (c) solution treated specimen.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
EDX spectra of (a) σ-NS, (b) γ-NS, (c) M23C6-NS, (d) σ-BS, (e) γ-BS, (f) M23C6-BS, (g) M23C6-ST, (h) γ2-ST, and (i) γ-ST.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
As-received material after tensile test.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
As-received material after impact test, (a) side view and (b) fracture surface.
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
Tafel plot of (a) NS and (b) BS of as-received materials; (c) solution treated.
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
Illustration of solidification mechanism. Red, black, and green arrows represent Cr, C, and Ni diffusion, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 14
Fig. 14
Microstructure evolution of sigma phase.
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
Microstructure evolution of carbide.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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