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. 2023 Mar 16;23(1):75.
doi: 10.1186/s12866-023-02811-2.

Spectrum of ctxB genotypes, antibiogram profiles and virulence genes of Vibrio cholerae serogroups isolated from environmental water sources from Odisha, India

Bibhuti Bhusan Pal  1 , Debasish Samal  2 , Smruti Ranjan Nayak  2 , Swatishree Pany  2
Affiliations

Spectrum of ctxB genotypes, antibiogram profiles and virulence genes of Vibrio cholerae serogroups isolated from environmental water sources from Odisha, India

Bibhuti Bhusan Pal et al. BMC Microbiol. .

Abstract

Background: The present study reports on the comprehensive analysis of Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1/non-O139 serogroups isolated from environmental water sources during cholera outbreaks, epidemics and surveillance studies between years 2007 to 2019 from different districts of Odisha, India.

Methods: A total of 85 stocked cultures of V. cholerae O1 and non-O1/non-O139 strains were analyzed for different ctxB genotypes, toxic genes, antibiogram profiles through PCR assays and pulsotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

Results: From all V. cholerae strains tested, 51 isolates were O1 Ogawa and the rest 34 strains were non-O1/non-O139. All the V. cholerae O1 strains were altered El Tor variants carrying ctxB1, ctxB3 and ctxB7 genotypes. However, only ctxB1 genotypes were present in V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139. Though non-O1/non-O139 strains were negative by O1 antisera, 20% strains were positive for rfbO1 gene by PCR assay. All the V. cholerae isolates possessed a variety of virulence genes including ace, ctxAB, toxR, zot, hlyA which were in higher percentage in the case of V. cholerae O1. The Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1-/non-O139 strains showed multiple antibiotic resistances in 2007 and 2012. The PCR detection of four resistance associated genes (strB, dfrA1, sulll, SXT) confirmed higher prevalence in V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 strains. The PFGE analysis revealed 3 pulsotypes having 93% similarity among V. cholerae O1 strains.

Conclusion: This study indicates the changing epidemiology, antibiogram patterns and continuous genetic variation in environmental V. cholerae strains of Odisha over the years. So continuous surveillance is necessary to understand the changing patterns of V. cholerae different serogroups isolated from stool and water samples from Odisha.

Keywords: Clonality; Genomic diversity; Odisha; V. cholerae O1; Water isolates.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Map showing the distribution of water sources positive for Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1/non-O139 strains
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Heat map showing percentage variation of different virulence genes among Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1/non-O139 strains over the years
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
(a): Prevalence of different virulence genes like ctxB and tcpA genes in Vibrio cholerae O1 strains from environmental water isolates. (b): Prevalence of different virulence genes like ctxB and tcpA genes in Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 strains from environmental water isolates
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Distribution of antibiotic resistant genes in Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1/non-O139 strains represented in doughnut chart
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) Index of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates represented in Box whisker plot
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Antibiogram profiles of Vibrio cholerae O1 and non-O1/non-O139 strains represented in stacked column chart [gentamicin (G), ciprofloxacin (Cf), norfloxacin (Nx), azithromycin (At), ofloxacin (Of), doxycycline (Do), ampicillin (A), chloramphenicol (C), furazolidone (Fr), cotrimoxazole (Co), streptomycin (S), nalidixic acid (Na), neomycin (N) and tetracycline (T)]
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
PFGE analysis of NotI digested Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from environmental sources in different districts of Odisha: 2007–2019
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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