Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Dec 31;18(1):2189371.
doi: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2189371.

Mitigation of salt stress in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) by the application of triacontanol and hydrogen sulfide

Tunisha Verma  1 , Savita Bhardwaj  1 , Ali Raza  2 , Ivica Djalovic  3 , Pv Vara Prasad  4 , Dhriti Kapoor  1
Affiliations

Mitigation of salt stress in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) by the application of triacontanol and hydrogen sulfide

Tunisha Verma et al. Plant Signal Behav. .

Abstract

Salinity stress is a well-known abiotic stress that has been shown to have a negative impact on crop growth, production, and soil richness. The current study was intended to ameliorate salt stress in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.), keeping in mind the detrimental influence of salt stress. A pot experimentation was executed on B. juncea to examine the efficacy of exogenous application of triacontanol (TRIA) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (NaHS donor), either alone or in combination, on growth attributes, metabolites, and antioxidant defense system exposed to salt stress at three distinct concentrations (50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl). Increase in the concentration of oxidative markers (malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide) was found which results in inhibited growth of B. juncea. The growth characteristics of plant, such as root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight under salt stress, were improved by foliar application of TRIA (150 µM) and H2S (25 µM) alone as well as in combination. Additionally, salt stress reduced the levels of protein, metabolites (flavonoids, phenolic and anthocyanin), antioxidant enzyme activity including that of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase and guaiacol peroxidase as well as the level of ascorbic acid and glutathione (non-enzymatic antioxidants). However, application of TRIA and H2S alone or in grouping substantially raised the content of protein, metabolites and antioxidant defense system in plants of B. juncea.

Keywords: Abiotic stress; antioxidants; climate change; gaseous molecule; metabolites; plant growth regulators.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Effect of TRIA and H2S on root length (A), shoot length (B), fresh weight (C) and dry weight (D) in plants under salinity. Each number represents the mean of three replicates for each treatment level, as well as the standard error of the mean (SEM). Means inside a column separated by a distinct letter differ substantially at <p 0.05. CN- control; TRIA- Triacontanol; H2S- Hydrogen sulfide; NaCl I- 50 mM; NaCl II- 100 mM; NaCl III- 150 mM.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Effect of TRIA and H2S on MDA (a) and H2O2 (b) level in B. juncea plants under salinity. Each number represents the mean of three replicates for each treatment level, as well as the standard error of the mean (SEM). Means inside a column separated by a distinct letter differ substantially at <p 0.05. CN- control; TRIA- Triacontanol; H2S- Hydrogen sulfide; NaCl I- 50 mM; NaCl II- 100 mM; NaCl III- 150 mM.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Effect of TRIA and H2S on flavonoid (a), phenolic (b), anthocyanin (c) and protein (d) content in B. juncea plants under salinity. Each number represents the mean of three replicates for each treatment level, as well as the standard error of the mean (SEM). Means inside a column separated by a distinct letter differ substantially at <p 0.05. CN- control; TRIA- Triacontanol; H2S- Hydrogen sulfide; NaCl I- 50 mM; NaCl II- 100 mM; NaCl III- 150 mM.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Effect of TRIA and H2S on CAT (a), APX (b), GPOX (c) and PPO (d) in B. juncea plants under salinity. Each number represents the mean of three replicates for each treatment level, as well as the standard error of the mean (SEM). Means inside a column separated by a distinct letter differ substantially at <p 0.05. CN- control; TRIA- Triacontanol; H2S- Hydrogen Sulfide; NaCl I- 50 mM; NaCl II- 100 mM; NaCl III- 150 mM.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Effect of TRIA and H2S on glutathione (a) and ascorbic acid (b) content in B. juncea plants under salinity. Each number represents the mean of three replicates for each treatment level, as well as the standard error of the mean (SEM). Means inside a column separated by a distinct letter differ substantially at <p 0.05. CN- control; TRIA- Triacontanol; H2S- Hydrogen Sulfide; NaCl I- 50 mM; NaCl II- 100 mM; NaCl III- 150 mM.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Principal component analysis (PCA) of (a) individual treatments by PCA and (b) diverse analyzed parameters of Brassica plants under NaCl stress. (A) Score plot indicates the separation of treatments of TRIA, NaCl, H2S, TRIA+ H2S, TRIA + NaCl, H2S + NaCl and TRIA + H2S + NaCl.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Pearson’s correlation analysis between diverse analyzed parameters of brassica plants under NaCl stress. Blue and brownish colors indicate positive and negative correlation, correspondingly. Abbreviations: Root length (RL); shoot length (SL); fresh weight (FW); dry weight (DW); malondialdehyde (MDA); hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); flavonoid (FL); protein (PROT); phenolic (PHEN); anthocyanin (ANT); catalase (CAT); ascorbate peroxidase (APX); guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX); polyphenol oxidase (PPO); glutathione (GSH); ascorbic acid (AA).
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Triacontanol and hydrogen sulfide-mediated salt tolerance in B. juncea.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Verma S, Nizam S, Verma PK.. 2013. Biotic and abiotic stress signaling in plants. In: Sarwat M, Ahmad A, Abdin M, editors. Stress signaling in plants: genomics and proteomics perspective. New York, NY: Springer; Vol. 1, p. 25–13.
    1. Farooq MS, Uzaiir M, Raza A, Habib M, Xu Y, Yousuf M, Yang SH, Ramzan KM. Uncovering the research gaps to alleviate the negative impacts of climate change on food security: a review. Front Plant Sci. 2022;13:927535. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.927535. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Raza A, Tabassum J, Fakhar AZ, Sharif R, Chen H, Zhang C, Ju L, Fotopoulos V, Siddique KH, Singh RK, et al. Smart reprograming of plants against salinity stress using modern biotechnological tools. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2022;1–28. doi:10.1080/07388551.2022.2093695 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Shrivastava P, Kumar R. Soil salinity: a serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation. Saudi J Biological Sci. 2015;22(2):123–131. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.12.001. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Saddiq MS, Iqbal S, Hafeez MB, Ibrahim AM, Raza A, Fatima EM, Baloch H, Woodrow P, Ciarmiello LF. Effect of salinity stress on physiological changes in winter and springwheat. Agronomy. 2021;11(6):1193. doi:10.3390/agronomy11061193. - DOI