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. 2023 Mar 2:11:1041201.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1041201. eCollection 2023.

The burden of hepatitis C virus in the world, China, India, and the United States from 1990 to 2019

Jia Yang  1 , Jin-Lei Qi  2 , Xiao-Xiao Wang  1 , Xiao-He Li  1 , Rui Jin  1 , Bai-Yi Liu  1 , Hui-Xin Liu  3 , Hui-Ying Rao  1
Affiliations

The burden of hepatitis C virus in the world, China, India, and the United States from 1990 to 2019

Jia Yang et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Background and aim: Hepatitis C virus infection can lead to an enormous health burden worldwide. Investigating the changes in HCV-related burden between different countries could provide inferences for disease management. Hence, we aim to explore the temporal tendency of the disease burden associated with HCV infection in China, India, the United States, and the world.

Methods: Detailed data on the total burden of disease related to HCV infection were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 database. Joinpoint regression models were used to simulate the optimal joinpoints of annual percent changes (APCs). Further analysis of the age composition of each index over time and the relationship between ASRs and the socio-demographic Index (SDI) were explored. Finally, three factors (population growth, population aging, and age-specific changes) were deconstructed for the changes in the number of incidences, deaths, and DALYs.

Results: It was estimated that 6.2 million new HCV infections, 0.54 million HCV-related deaths, and 15.3 million DALYs worldwide in 2019, with an increase of 25.4, 59.1, and 43.6%, respectively, from 1990, are mainly due to population growth and aging. China experienced a sharp drop in age-standardized rates in 2019, the United States showed an upward trend, and India exhibited a fluctuating tendency in the burden of disease. The incidence was increasing in all locations recently.

Conclusion: HCV remains a global health concern despite tremendous progress being made. The disease burden in China improved significantly, while the burden in the United States was deteriorating, with new infections increasing recently, suggesting more targeted interventions to be established to realize the 2030 elimination goals.

Keywords: DALYs; global burden disease; hepatitis C; incidence; mortality.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
AAPC in ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR from 1990 to 2019. AAPC, average annual percent change; ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Burden of HCV in ASRs, 2019 vs. 1990. (A) Epidemiological indicators of China, India, the United States, and the world in 2019. (B) Epidemiological indicators of China, India, the United States, and the world in 1990.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Number and age-standardized rate of DALY with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) in different regions, 1990–2019. (A) Global; (B) China; (C) India; (D) the United States.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Number and age-standardized rate of incidence with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) in different regions, 1990–2019. (A) Global; (B) China; (C) India; (D) the United States.
Figure 5
Figure 5
APC in ASIR, ASDR, and ASMR (per 100,000) due to HCV from 1990 to 2019 by sex in different regions. (A) ASIR; (B) ASDR; (C) ASMR. APC, annual percent change; ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Constitution of DALYs attributable to HCV by age groups in different regions from 1990 to 2019. (A) Global; (B) China; (C) India; (D) the United States.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Numbers of incidences attributable to HCV by age groups in different regions from 1990 to 2019. (A) Global; (B) China; (C) India; (D) the United States.
Figure 8
Figure 8
ASDR and ASIR of HCV burden in different regions by SDI from 1990 to 2019. (A) ASDR; (B) ASIR. ASIR, age-standardized incidence rate; ASDR, age-standardized DALY rate; SDI, Socio-demographic Index.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Decomposition of changes (%) in DALY and incidence of HCV in different regions. (A) DALY; (B) incidence. DALY, disability-adjusted life years.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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