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. 2023 Mar 9:14:100373.
doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2023.100373. eCollection 2023 Jun.

Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among first aid providers

Anna Marie Moe Øvstebø  1 , Conrad Arnfinn Bjørshol  1   2   3 , Sissel Grønlien  4 , Helene Lund  5 , Thomas Werner Lindner  1
Affiliations

Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among first aid providers

Anna Marie Moe Øvstebø et al. Resusc Plus. .

Abstract

Background: Every year, large numbers of individuals are present or provide first aid in situations involving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, injuries, or suicides. Little is known about the impact of providing first aid or witnessing a first aid situation, but research indicates that many first aid providers (FAP) experience persistent psychological difficulties. Here we aimed to assess the level of psychological impact of being a FAP.

Methods: In this retrospective study, FAP attending follow-up were asked to complete the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), which is a self-report diagnostic measure of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). We recorded endorsement of a symptom or functional impairment (score ≥ 2/4 on at least one of 18 items).

Results: Of the 102 FAP in this study, 86 (84%) showed endorsement of a symptom or functional impairment. Common symptoms/functional impairments included being super-alert, watchful, or on guard; having powerful mental images; avoiding internal reminders or memories; and being affected in important parts of one's life. One-third had affected ability to work. Of the FAPs who attended follow-up more than one month after the incident (n = 32), 19% met the criteria for PTSD or CPTSD.

Conclusions: The majority of FAPs have endorsement of a symptom or functional impairment. Some FAPs fulfil the criteria of PTSD. We suggest that follow-up should be offered by the EMS to all FAPs involved in incidents with an unconscious patient.

Keywords: CPR; Cardiac Arrest; First aid; First aid provider (FAP); Follow-up; Resuscitation.

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Conflict of interest statement

AMMØ has no conflicts of interest. CAB is employed by the Regional Competence Centre for Acute Medicine in Western Norway (RAKOS), with financial support from the Norwegian Directorate of Health. He has participated in Global Resuscitation Alliance meetings sponsored by the Laerdal Foundation, TrygFonden, and EMS2018. TWL is employed by SAFER.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Selection of First Aid Providers (FAP) for this Study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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