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. 2023 Feb 16;8(10):9454-9463.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08124. eCollection 2023 Mar 14.

Nematicidal Characterization of Solanum nigrum and Mentha arvensis Leaf Extracts Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model Organism

Naqeeb Ullah Khan  1 , Muhammad Sajid  1 , Saira Bibi  2 , Wajid Rehman  2 , Mohammed M Alanazi  3 , Magda H Abdellatif  4
Affiliations

Nematicidal Characterization of Solanum nigrum and Mentha arvensis Leaf Extracts Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model Organism

Naqeeb Ullah Khan et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

Considering foremost global issues instigated by parasitic nematodes, Solanum nigrum (S. nigrum) and Mentha arvensis (M. arvensis) nematicidal potential at the gene level has been explored herein. Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane, and distilled water were used for extract preparation. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as the model organism. Nematicidal and anti-egg hatching assays, fluorescence microscopy, and quantitative real-time PCR were done. S. nigrum chloroform (LD50 = 1.21 mg/mL) and M. arvensis methanol (LD50 = 2.47 mg/mL) extracts exhibited excellent nematicidal potential. Both plants showed potent anti-egg hatching activity (1 mg/mL). S. nigrum methanol and M. arvensis ethyl acetate extracts showed high apoptotic effect in muscles, gonads, and uterus (eggs). Stress genes, that is, gst-4, hsp-16.2, and gpdh-1 were highly expressed in affected C. elegans (treated with S. nigrum and M. arvensis leaf extracts) when compared with normal C. elegans. Phytochemicals and bioactive compounds present in plants may be the major cause of their excellent nematicidal potential, which further confirmed that both plants could be an alternative candidate(s) for novel broad-scale anthelmintic drug(s).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Nematicidal potential of S. nigrum (a) and M. arvensis (b) leaf extracts.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of S. nigrum (a) and M. arvensis (b) leaf extracts on egg hatching.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Fluorescence microscopy of S. nigrum leaf extracts.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Fluorescence microscopy of M. arvensis leaf extracts.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Screening of stress genes in transgenic C. elegans using S. nigrum leaf extracts.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Screening of stress genes in transgenic C. elegans using M. arvensis leaf extracts.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of C. elegans stress genes treated with S. nigrum leaf extracts: (a) gst-4, (b) hsp-4, (c) hsp-6, (d) hsp-16.2, (e) gpdh-1, and (f) mtl-2.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of C. elegans stress genes treated with M. arvensis leaf extracts: (a) gst-4, (b) hsp-4, (c) hsp-6, (d) hsp-16.2, (e) gpdh-1, and (f) mtl-2.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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