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Review
. 2022 Jul 30;21(1):e123879.
doi: 10.5812/ijpr-123879. eCollection 2022 Dec.

Chemical Wastes in the Peptide Synthesis Process and Ways to Reduce Them

Mahan Haji Abbasi Somehsaraie  1 , Vaezeh Fathi Vavsari  1 , Mohammad Kamangar  1 , Saeed Balalaie  1
Affiliations
Review

Chemical Wastes in the Peptide Synthesis Process and Ways to Reduce Them

Mahan Haji Abbasi Somehsaraie et al. Iran J Pharm Res. .

Abstract

In recent decades, a growing interest has been observed among pharmaceutical companies in producing and selling 80 FDA-approved therapeutic peptides. However, there are many drawbacks to peptide synthesis at the academic and industrial scales, involving the use of large amounts of highly hazardous coupling reagents and solvents. This review focuses on hideous and observant wastes produced before, during, and after peptide synthesis and proposes some solutions to reduce them.

Keywords: Chemical Wastes; Flow Chemistry; Microwave Irradiation; Peptide Synthesis; Sustainable Methods.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interests: Saeed Balalaie is a professor of organic chemistry and faculty member at the department of chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology. He holds the position of Peptide Chemistry Research Institute Chair. His honors, awards, and national and international funding or research support within the last five years are listed below: Distinguished university professor, awarded by the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, 2021; Distinguished university professor, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, 2019 - 2021; Iran’s National Book Award, 2021 (Peptide Chemistry in Farsi; editor); Distinguished researcher, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, 2020; First-place Award in applied research, Khwarizmi International Award, 2020; Outstanding researcher, Iran Ministry of Science, Research and Technology, 2019; International collaboration project funded by DFG, with professor G. Haberhauer, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, 2019 - 2020; Research Group Linkage Program Award of Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, collaboration with Professor B. Breit, University of Freiburg, Germany, 2018 - 2020; Selected researcher by Iran’s national elites foundation, 2018, 2019, and 2020; Ambassador scientist, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Iran, 2015 - 2020. He is an associate editorial board member of the journal "Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society" since 2021, an advisory board member of the journal "SynOpen" since 2018, and an editorial board member of the journal "organic chemistry research" since 2015. Notably, he is not one of the editorial board members of the journal "Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research."

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. A schematic history of peptide developments
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Some side reactions during LPPS
Figure 3.
Figure 3.. The schematic of SPPS process. Washing and coupling steps are the repetitive steps, consuming large amounts of solvents.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.. The side reactions occur during SPPS
Figure 5.
Figure 5.. The average swelling factor of nine relevant resins in 25 solvents
Figure 6.
Figure 6.. The structure of some commonly used coupling reagents in SPPS
Figure 7.
Figure 7.. Synthesis of Fmoc-Cl and its use as a protecting agent
Figure 8.
Figure 8.. The structure of analogs of traditional protecting groups
Figure 9.
Figure 9.. The schematic of flow chemistry in peptide synthesis
Figure 10.
Figure 10.. The schematic of membrane-enhanced peptide synthesis
Figure 11.
Figure 11.. Native chemical ligation
Figure 12.
Figure 12.. The schematic of rotating bed reactor
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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