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. 2023 Mar 6:11:1039290.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1039290. eCollection 2023.

The causal relationship between COVID-19 and increased intraocular pressure: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Yi Lin  1 , Bingcai Jiang  1 , Yuanqing Cai  2 , Wangdu Luo  1 , Changwei Zheng  1 , Xiaomin Zhu  1 , Qianyi Lin  1 , Min Tang  1 , Xiangji Li  1 , Lin Xie  1
Affiliations

The causal relationship between COVID-19 and increased intraocular pressure: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Yi Lin et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought great challenges to the global public health system and huge economic burdens to society, the causal effect of COVID-19 and intraocular pressure was blank.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the causal association between coronavirus disease (COVID-19) susceptibility, severity and criticality and intraocular pressure (IOP) by bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

Materials and methods: Genetic associations with COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and criticality were obtained from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative. Genetic associations with IOP were obtained from GWAS summary data. The standard inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used in the primary assessment of this causality. Other methods were also implemented in supplementary analyses. Finally, sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the reliability and stability of the results.

Results: The results showed that COVID-19 susceptibility had null effect on IOP (β = 0.131; Se = 0.211; P = 0.533) as assessed by the IVW method. Moreover, the results revealed that COVID-19 severity, specifically, hospitalization due to COVID-19, had a positive effect on IOP with nominal significance (β = 0.228; Se = 0.116; P = 0.049). However, there were null effect of COVID-19 criticality on IOP (β = 0.078; Se = 0.065; P = 0.227). Sensitivity analysis showed that all the results were reliable and stable. The reverse MR analysis revealed that there was null effect of IOP on COVID-19.

Conclusions: We demonstrated that hospitalization due to COVID-19 might increase IOP; therefore, greater attention should be given to monitoring IOP in inpatients with COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19; Mendelian randomization; criticality; intraocular pressure; severity; susceptibility.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Diagram of Mendelian randomization. There are three assumptions: (1) the IVs, (SNPs in this case) are closely associated with the exposures; (2) the IVs are independent of confounders of exposures and outcomes; (3) the IVs affect the outcomes only through the exposures and not by direct action. SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphisms; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; IOP, intraocular pressure.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The Mendelian randomization analysis result of COVID-19 susceptibility and IOP (A), and reverse MR analysis (B). IOP, intraocular pressure; COVID-19, coronavirus disease; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; MR, Mendelian randomization.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The Mendelian randomization analysis result of COVID-19 severity and IOP (A), and reverse MR analysis (B). IOP, intraocular pressure; COVID-19, coronavirus disease; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; MR, Mendelian randomization.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The Mendelian randomization leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for COVID-19 severity on IOP. IOP, intraocular pressure; COVID-19, coronavirus disease; MR, Mendelian randomization.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The Mendelian randomization analysis result of COVID-19 criticality and IOP (A), and reverse MR analysis (B). IOP, intraocular pressure; COVID-19, coronavirus disease; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; MR, Mendelian randomization.
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