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Review
. 2023 Jun;48(6):2019-2037.
doi: 10.1007/s00261-023-03879-0. Epub 2023 Mar 24.

Non-invasive imaging in the diagnosis of combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma

Yu-Ting Shen  1 , Wen-Wen Yue  2 , Hui-Xiong Xu  3
Affiliations
Review

Non-invasive imaging in the diagnosis of combined hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma

Yu-Ting Shen et al. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2023 Jun.

Abstract

Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC) is a rare type of primary liver cancer. It is a complex "biphenotypic" tumor type consisting of bipotential hepatic progenitor cells that can differentiate into cholangiocytes subtype and hepatocytes subtype. The prognosis of patients with cHCC-CC is quite poor with its specific and more aggressive nature. Furthermore, there are no definite demographic or clinical features of cHCC-CC, thus a clear preoperative identification and accurate non-invasive imaging diagnostic analysis of cHCC-CC are of great value. In this review, we first summarized the epidemiological features, pathological findings, molecular biological information and serological indicators of cHCC-CC disease. Then we reviewed the important applications of non-invasive imaging modalities-particularly ultrasound (US)-in cHCC-CC, covering both diagnostic and prognostic assessment of patients with cHCC-CC. Finally, we presented the shortcomings and potential outlooks for imaging studies in cHCC-CC.

Keywords: Cholangiocarcinoma; Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver cancer; Non-invasive imaging.

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