Global trends in antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: 2020 to 2030

Abstract

Use of antimicrobials in farming has enabled the growth of intensive animal production and helped in meeting the global increase in demand for animal protein. However, the widespread use of veterinary antimicrobials drives antimicrobial resistance, with important consequences for animal health, and potentially human health. Global monitoring of antimicrobial use is essential: first, to track progress in reducing the reliance of farming on antimicrobials. Second, to identify countries where antimicrobial-stewardship efforts should be targeted to curb antimicrobial resistance. Data on usage of antimicrobials in food animals were collected from 42 countries. Multivariate regression models were used in combination with projections of animal counts for cattle, sheep, chicken, and pigs from the Food and Agriculture Organization to estimate global antimicrobial usage of veterinary antimicrobials in 2020 and 2030. Maps of animal densities were used to identify geographic hotspots of antimicrobial use. In each country, estimates of antimicrobial use (tonnes) were calibrated to match continental-level reports of antimicrobial use intensity (milligrams per kilogram of animal) from the World Organization for Animal Health, as well as country-level reports of antimicrobial use from countries that made this information publicly available. Globally, antimicrobial usage was estimated at 99,502 tonnes (95% CI 68,535-198,052) in 2020 and is projected, based on current trends, to increase by 8.0% to 107,472 tonnes (95% CI: 75,927-202,661) by 2030. Hotspots of antimicrobial use were overwhelmingly in Asia (67%), while <1% were in Africa. Findings indicate higher global antimicrobial usage in 2030 compared to prior projections that used data from 2017; this is likely associated with an upward revision of antimicrobial use in Asia/Oceania (~6,000 tonnes) and the Americas (~4,000 tonnes). National-level reporting of antimicrobial use should be encouraged to better evaluate the impact of national policies on antimicrobial use levels.

Fig 1

Veterinary antimicrobial consumption in 2020 (white bars) and their projected consumption for 2030 (coloured bars) by (A) country (top 10), (B) antimicrobial class, and (C) continent. CHN, China; BRA, Brazil; IND, India; USA, United States; AUS, Australia; IRN, Iran; THA, Thailand; PAK, Pakistan; JPN, Japan; MEX, Mexico.

Fig 2. Antimicrobial consumption per country in 2020 and 2030.

Circles are proportional to quantity of antimicrobials used. Red circles correspond to the quantity used in 2020, and outer dark red ring corresponds to the projected increase in consumption in 2030. Country boundaries were obtained from GADM (https://gadm.org/download_world40.html).

Fig 3. Global distribution of veterinary antimicrobial consumption at 10 x 10 kilometers resolution expressed in milligrams per biomass (population correction units).

Purple indicates hotspot areas (top 95% percentile). Country boundaries were obtained from GADM (https://gadm.org/download_world40.html).