Tuberculosis service disruptions and adaptations during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the private health sector of two urban settings in Nigeria-A mixed methods study

Abstract

Nigeria has the second largest share of undiagnosed TB cases in the world and a large private health sector estimated to be the point of initial care-seeking for 67% of TB patients. There is evidence that COVID-19 restrictions disrupted private healthcare provision, but insufficient data on how private healthcare provision changed as a result of the pandemic. We conducted qualitative interviews and a survey to assess the impact of the pandemic, and government response on private healthcare provision, and the disruptions providers experienced, particularly for TB services. Using mixed methods, we targeted policymakers, and a network of clinical facilities, laboratories, community pharmacies, and medicine vendors in Kano and Lagos, Nigeria. We interviewed 11 policymakers, surveyed participants in 2,412 private facilities. Most (n = 1,676, 70%) facilities remained open during the initial lockdown period, and most (n = 1,667, 69%) offered TB screening. TB notifications dipped during the lockdown periods but quickly recovered. Clinical facilities reported disruptions in availability of medical supplies, staff, required renovations, patient volume and income. Few private providers (n = 119, 11% in Kano; n = 323, 25% in Lagos) offered any COVID-19 screening up to the time of the survey, as these were only available in designated facilities. These findings aligned with the interviews as policymakers reported a gradual return to pre-COVID services after initial disruptions and diversion of resources to the pandemic response. Our results show that COVID-19 and control measures had a temporary impact on private sector TB care. Although some facilities saw decreases in TB notifications, private facilities continued to provide care for individuals with TB who otherwise might have been unable to seek care in the public sector. Our findings highlight resilience in the private sector as they recovered fairly quickly from pandemic-related disruptions, and the important role private providers can play in supporting TB control efforts.

Fig 1. Location of facilities in Kano and Lagos.

Fig 2. Facility closures due to COVID-19, 2020–2021.

Fig 3. COVID epi curve and TB notifications in Kano and Lagos from January 2019 to July 2021.

Fig 4. (a) Availability of TB screening services across facility type and location in Q2 2021; (b) COVID-19 screening services across facility type and location in Q2 2021.

Fig 5. (a) Short- term disruptions due to COVID-19 reported by private clinics in Kano and Lagos; (b) Long-term disruptions due to COVID-19 reported by private clinics in Kano and Lagos.

Fig 6. Service disruptions due to COVID-19.