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. 2023 Apr 1;63(2):65-80.
doi: 10.1097/IIO.0000000000000464. Epub 2023 Mar 23.

Pathogenesis of Thyroid Eye Disease

Jane Z Spadaro, Anita A Kohli

Pathogenesis of Thyroid Eye Disease

Jane Z Spadaro et al. Int Ophthalmol Clin. .
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

References

    1. Bahn RS. Current insights into the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Horm Metab Res. 2015;47:773–778.
    1. Naik VM, Naik MN, Goldberg RA, et al. Immunopathogenesis of thyroid eye disease: emerging paradigms. Surv Ophthalmol. 2010;55:215–226.
    1. Prabhakar BS, Bahn RS, Smith TJ. Current perspective on the pathogenesis of Graves’ disease and ophthalmopathy. Endocr Rev. 2003;24:802–835.
    1. Lehmann GM, Feldon SE, Smith TJ, et al. Immune mechanisms in thyroid eye disease. Thyroid. 2008;18:959–965.
    1. Pappa A, Jackson P, Stone J, et al. An ultrastructural and systemic analysis of glycosaminoglycans in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Eye (Lond). 1998;12(Pt 2):237–244.

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