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. 2023 Mar 20;9(3):e14690.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14690. eCollection 2023 Mar.

Land subsidence analysis using synthetic aperture radar data

Rida Bokhari  1 , Hong Shu  1 , Aqil Tariq  1 , Nadhir Al-Ansari  2 , Rufat Guluzade  3 , Ting Chen  4 , Ahsan Jamil  5 , Muhammad Aslam  6
Affiliations

Land subsidence analysis using synthetic aperture radar data

Rida Bokhari et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Land subsidence is considered a threat to developing cities and is triggered by several natural (geological and seismic) and human (mining, groundwater withdrawal, oil and gas extraction, constructions) factors. This research has gathered datasets consisting of 80 Sentinel-1A ascending and descending SLC images from July 2017 to July 2019. This dataset, concerning InSAR and PS-InSAR, is processed with SARPROZ software to determine the land subsidence in Gwadar City, Balochistan, Pakistan. Later, the maps were created with ArcGIS 10.8. Due to InSAR's limitations in measuring millimeter-scale surface deformation, Multi-Temporal InSAR techniques, like PS-InSAR, are introduced to provide better accuracy, consistency, and fewer errors of deformation analysis. This remote-based SAR technique is helpful in the Gwadar area; for researchers, city mobility is constrained and has become more restricted post-Covid-19. This technique requires multiple images acquired of the same place at different times for estimating surface deformation per year, along with surface uplifting and subsidence. The InSAR results showed maximum deformation in the Koh-i-Mehdi Mountain from 2017 to 2019. The PS-InSAR results showed subsidence up to -92 mm/year in ascending track and -66 mm/year in descending track in the area of Koh-i-Mehdi Mountain, and up to -48 mm/year in ascending track and -32 mm/year in descending track in the area of the deep seaport. From our experimental results, a high subsidence rate has been found in the newly evolving Gwadar City. This city is very beneficial to the country's economic development because of its deep-sea port, developed by the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The research is associated with a detailed analysis of Gwadar City, identifying the areas with significant subsidence, and enlisting the possible causes that are needed to be resolved before further developments. Our findings are helpful to urban development and disaster monitoring as the city is being promoted as the next significant deep seaport with the start of CPEC.

Keywords: InSAR; Land subsidence; PS-InSAR; SARPROZ; Sentinel-1.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
(a) Indicating the location of study area in Pakistan, (b) Gwadar district base map and (c) Satellite image courtesy of ESRI, Sentinel-1 data acquisition, descending and ascending tracks.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The InSAR workflow in SARPROZ.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The PS-InSAR workflow in SARPROZ.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
InSAR analysis of Gwadar city, (a) from the descending track and (b) ascending track. Processed in SARPROZ and converted into the map using ArcMap 10.8.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Land Subsidence Analysis of Koh-i-Mehdi area of Gwadar City in (a) descending track, (b) ascending track.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Frequency of Subsidence per PS-Points, with Jenks natural break, plotted in (a) ascending track, (b) descending track.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Land uplifting at the coast of Gwadar City in (a) descending track, (b) ascending track.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Makran Subduction Zone, along with the plate boundaries and location of Gwadar City.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Yearly subsidence from the (a) descending and (b) ascending track in Gwadar City.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Gwadar sea-level rise the data.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Subsidence analysis of Gwadar City deep seaport in (a) descending track, (b) ascending track.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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