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. 2023 Feb 1;10(3):uhad016.
doi: 10.1093/hr/uhad016. eCollection 2023 Mar.

Strategies for fast breeding and improvement of Actinidia species

Dinum Herath  1   2 , Tianchi Wang  1 , Charlotte Voogd  1 , Yongyan Peng  1   2 , Mikaela Douglas  1 , Joanna Putterill  2 , Erika Varkonyi-Gasic  1 , Andrew C Allan  1   2
Affiliations

Strategies for fast breeding and improvement of Actinidia species

Dinum Herath et al. Hortic Res. .
No abstract available

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
CEN/CEN4 CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing for fast maturity in diverse Actinidia spp. (a) The Actinidia phylogenetic tree (adapted from Liu et al., 2017) with representative species and images of fruit. (b–d) Early flowering edited A. eriantha plant (b) (pink arrowheads denote flower buds), flower (c) and fruit (d). (e) Multiple fruit on a single plant after pollination with different pollen donors. (f, g) Early flowering on two independent edited A. arguta plants, displaying very early flowering (f) or a milder phenotype (g); flowers and fruit are indicated with pink and orange arrowheads, respectively. (h, i) Fertile flower and fruit. (j, k) Schematic diagram of two CEN gene edited A. arguta flowering phenotypes, mutation positions and sequences; numbers of leaves at first flowering are shown, exons are presented as grey boxes, tetra-allelic mutations as red arrows and bi-allelic mutations as red and green arrows, with corresponding target sequences presented below. The different mutations (+, insertion, in bold font; −, deletion; 0, no change) are compared to the wild-type (WT) target site (underlined). Spaces are introduced where needed to accommodate for insertions. The PAM site is indicated in red font.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Tagged FT for dominant fast maturity in diverse Actinidia spp. (a) Early terminal flowering in 35S:AcFT1-6xHA kiwifruit. Progressively faster termination at reduced leaf numbers (indicated) in newly emerging lateral shoots (a) results in synchronous flower and fruit development (b); flower and fruit are indicated with pink and orange arrowheads, respectively. (c) Example of early flowering in the progeny (F1) of early flowering kiwifruit pollinated with wild-type pollen. (d) The transgene (nptII fragment) was detected in approximately half of the F1 seedlings. Asterisk denotes lines which flowered after producing <50 leaves. Lines with no transgene have not flowered (after more than 2 years). (e) Early flowering in viable 35S:AcFT1-6xHA A. arguta. (f) In vitro flower development in 35S:AcFT1 non-viable A. arguta.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Strategies for fast improvement of Actinidia spp. (a) Gene editing (scissors) of CEN genes for early flowering (EF) and subsequent gene editing for high value traits (HVTs). The plants are suitable for fast breeding, indoor production and farming as an annual crop. (b) A rapid-cycle breeding strategy for improvement of Actinidia using dominant EF lines transformed with tagged FT (*) for crossing with HVT lines. After the desired number of breeding cycles (indicated by red arrow in cycle), non-transgenic lines with improved HVT are selected. (c) Induction of hermaphroditism with FrBy transgene in females and mutagenesis of SyGl in males increases the ability to cross various HVT lines. (d-f) Chromosome doubling using oryzalin treatment of regenerating shoots (syringe) enables interspecific and interploidy crosses (d), giving rise to F1 hybrid progeny (e) and increased fruit size in induced tetraploids (f). Different genotypes and HVTs are presented as different plant and fruit colours, respectively.
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References

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