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. 2022 Mar 11;58(1):1-8.
doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1742602. eCollection 2023 Feb.

Sagittal Alignment Concepts and Spinopelvic Parameters

Affiliations

Sagittal Alignment Concepts and Spinopelvic Parameters

Cristiano Magalhães Menezes et al. Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo). .

Abstract

Spinal surgery continues to expand its horizons to care for disabled patients presenting pain and deformities. Over the past decade, our knowledge of spinal alignment, from the skull to the pelvis, has increased considerably. Such knowledge must expand to reach general orthopedists and improve the care required for so many people. Global spinal alignment is a critical concept in understanding the impact of pathological conditions (degenerative diseases, traumas, deformities) and their treatment, including spinal instrumentation and arthrodesis. Therefore, the treatment of any spinal disease must include the knowledge of the complexity of the spinopelvic alignment. At first, all parameters seem like pure mathematics, hardly applicable to the everyday life of the inattentive reader. However, it gradually becomes clear that, like everything else in orthopedics, biomechanics is an essential part of the knowledge of the musculoskeletal system, revealing the logic behind the physiology of movements. The knowledge of the sagittal alignment concepts and spinopelvic parameteres provide a better comprehension of the axial and appendicular skeletons, increasing the understanding of the physiological and adaptive spinal processes in the face of the degenerative process that increases throughout life.

Keywords: sagittal alignment; spinal fusion; spine/surgery; spinopelvic parameters.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflito de Interesses Os autores declaram não haver conflito de interesses.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
( a ) Compensatory mechanisms in patients with variable loss of lumbar lordosis or thoracic kyphosis. (A) A normal spine. (B) Active extension of the thoracic spine, resulting in hypokyphosis. (C) Active extension of adjacent lumbar segments, resulting in an atypical distribution of lumbar lordosis. (D) Pelvic retroversion with increased pelvic tilt. (E) Knee flexion results in a further increase in pelvic tilt and posterior trunk translation. ( b ) A patient presenting defense mechanisms against sagittal imbalance: pelvic retroversion and knee and hip flexion.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Sagittal vertical axis (SVA).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Pelvic incidence (PI).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Pelvic tilt (PT).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
( a ) Low pelvic incidence due to the lower forward inclination of the sacrum in the pelvis. ( b ) There is a greater forward tilt of the sacrum within the pelvis, corresponding to a high pelvic incidence.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
( a ) With a low pelvic tilt angle and a relatively vertical sacrofemoral line (“magic line”, in red), the axis of the trunk's weight load on the sacrum and the ground reaction force on the hip joint are closer, resulting in low pelvic torque. ( b ) Increasing the pelvic tilt (relatively horizontal “magic line”, in red) increases the distance between forces, resulting in greater pelvic torque. The torque is increased approximately four-fold between these two designs.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Spinopelvic angle.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Spinosacral angle.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Russoully et al. 3 classification system.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
( a ) If pelvic incidence (PI) = 50° and lumbar lordosis (LL) = 45°, the difference between them is 5°; ( b ) on the other hand, if PI = 70° and LL = 30°, there is a 40° mismatch.
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
( a ) Mecanismos compensatórios em pacientes com perda variável de lordose lombar ou cifose torácica. (A) Uma coluna normal. (B) Extensão ativa da coluna torácica, resultando em hipocifose. (C) Extensão ativa de segmentos lombares adjacentes, resultando em uma distribuição atípica da lordose lombar. (D) Retroversão pélvica com aumento da inclinação pélvica. (E) Flexão dos joelhos, resultando em um aumento adicional na inclinação pélvica e, mais tarde, translação posterior do tronco. ( b ) Paciente apresentando mecanismos de defesa diante de um desequilíbrio sagital: retroversão pélvica e flexão dos joelhos e quadris.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Eixo vertical sagital.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Incidência pélvica.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Inclinação pélvica (PT).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
( a ) Incidência pélvica baixa devido à menor inclinação para frente do sacro na pelve. ( b ) O sacro está mais inclinado para a frente dentro da pelve, o que corresponde a uma alta incidência pélvica.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
( a ) Com um ângulo de inclinação pélvica baixo, a linha sacro-femoral relativamente vertical (“linha mágica”, em vermelho), o eixo da carga de peso do tronco sobre o sacro, e o da força de reação do chão sobre a articulação dos quadris estão próximos uns dos outros, resultando em baixo torque pélvico. ( b ) O aumento da inclinação pélvica (“linha mágica” relativamente horizontal, em vermelho) eleva a distância entre as forças, resultando em maior torque pélvico. Entre esses dois desenhos, o torque aumenta aproximadamente quatro vezes.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Ângulo espinopélvico.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Ângulo espinossacro.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Esquema de classificação de Russoully et al.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
( a ) Quando a incidência pélvica (PI) é de 50 ° e a lordose lombar (LL) é de 45°, a diferença entre as duas é de 5°; ( b ) em contraste, quando a PI é de 70° e a LL, de 30°, há um mismatch de 40°.

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