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. 2023 Mar 27;3(3):CD009885.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009885.pub3.

Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Ole Jakob Storebø  1   2   3 , Maja Rosenberg Overby Storm  1 , Johanne Pereira Ribeiro  1 , Maria Skoog  4 , Camilla Groth  5 , Henriette E Callesen  1 , Julie Perrine Schaug  1 , Pernille Darling Rasmussen  1 , Christel-Mie L Huus  1 , Morris Zwi  6 , Richard Kirubakaran  7 , Erik Simonsen  8   9 , Christian Gluud  10   11
Affiliations

Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Ole Jakob Storebø et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed and treated psychiatric disorders in childhood. Typically, children and adolescents with ADHD find it difficult to pay attention and they are hyperactive and impulsive. Methylphenidate is the psychostimulant most often prescribed, but the evidence on benefits and harms is uncertain. This is an update of our comprehensive systematic review on benefits and harms published in 2015.

Objectives: To assess the beneficial and harmful effects of methylphenidate for children and adolescents with ADHD.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, three other databases and two trials registers up to March 2022. In addition, we checked reference lists and requested published and unpublished data from manufacturers of methylphenidate.

Selection criteria: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing methylphenidate versus placebo or no intervention in children and adolescents aged 18 years and younger with a diagnosis of ADHD. The search was not limited by publication year or language, but trial inclusion required that 75% or more of participants had a normal intellectual quotient (IQ > 70). We assessed two primary outcomes, ADHD symptoms and serious adverse events, and three secondary outcomes, adverse events considered non-serious, general behaviour, and quality of life.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently conducted data extraction and risk of bias assessment for each trial. Six review authors including two review authors from the original publication participated in the update in 2022. We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. Data from parallel-group trials and first-period data from cross-over trials formed the basis of our primary analyses. We undertook separate analyses using end-of-last period data from cross-over trials. We used Trial Sequential Analyses (TSA) to control for type I (5%) and type II (20%) errors, and we assessed and downgraded evidence according to the GRADE approach.

Main results: We included 212 trials (16,302 participants randomised); 55 parallel-group trials (8104 participants randomised), and 156 cross-over trials (8033 participants randomised) as well as one trial with a parallel phase (114 participants randomised) and a cross-over phase (165 participants randomised). The mean age of participants was 9.8 years ranging from 3 to 18 years (two trials from 3 to 21 years). The male-female ratio was 3:1. Most trials were carried out in high-income countries, and 86/212 included trials (41%) were funded or partly funded by the pharmaceutical industry. Methylphenidate treatment duration ranged from 1 to 425 days, with a mean duration of 28.8 days. Trials compared methylphenidate with placebo (200 trials) and with no intervention (12 trials). Only 165/212 trials included usable data on one or more outcomes from 14,271 participants. Of the 212 trials, we assessed 191 at high risk of bias and 21 at low risk of bias. If, however, deblinding of methylphenidate due to typical adverse events is considered, then all 212 trials were at high risk of bias.

Primary outcomes: methylphenidate versus placebo or no intervention may improve teacher-rated ADHD symptoms (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.88 to -0.61; I² = 38%; 21 trials; 1728 participants; very low-certainty evidence). This corresponds to a mean difference (MD) of -10.58 (95% CI -12.58 to -8.72) on the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS; range 0 to 72 points). The minimal clinically relevant difference is considered to be a change of 6.6 points on the ADHD-RS. Methylphenidate may not affect serious adverse events (risk ratio (RR) 0.80, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.67; I² = 0%; 26 trials, 3673 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The TSA-adjusted intervention effect was RR 0.91 (CI 0.31 to 2.68).

Secondary outcomes: methylphenidate may cause more adverse events considered non-serious versus placebo or no intervention (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.37; I² = 72%; 35 trials 5342 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The TSA-adjusted intervention effect was RR 1.22 (CI 1.08 to 1.43). Methylphenidate may improve teacher-rated general behaviour versus placebo (SMD -0.62, 95% CI -0.91 to -0.33; I² = 68%; 7 trials 792 participants; very low-certainty evidence), but may not affect quality of life (SMD 0.40, 95% CI -0.03 to 0.83; I² = 81%; 4 trials, 608 participants; very low-certainty evidence).

Authors' conclusions: The majority of our conclusions from the 2015 version of this review still apply. Our updated meta-analyses suggest that methylphenidate versus placebo or no-intervention may improve teacher-rated ADHD symptoms and general behaviour in children and adolescents with ADHD. There may be no effects on serious adverse events and quality of life. Methylphenidate may be associated with an increased risk of adverse events considered non-serious, such as sleep problems and decreased appetite. However, the certainty of the evidence for all outcomes is very low and therefore the true magnitude of effects remain unclear. Due to the frequency of non-serious adverse events associated with methylphenidate, the blinding of participants and outcome assessors is particularly challenging. To accommodate this challenge, an active placebo should be sought and utilised. It may be difficult to find such a drug, but identifying a substance that could mimic the easily recognised adverse effects of methylphenidate would avert the unblinding that detrimentally affects current randomised trials. Future systematic reviews should investigate the subgroups of patients with ADHD that may benefit most and least from methylphenidate. This could be done with individual participant data to investigate predictors and modifiers like age, comorbidity, and ADHD subtypes.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02493777 NCT01798459 NCT00429273 NCT02520388 NCT02139111.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Ole Jakob Storebø: works at Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand Psychiatry, Denmark. He is an Editor for Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems (CDPLP) but was not involved in the editorial process for this review. He is also an Editor‐in‐Chief for the Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology. He has declared that he has no conflicts of interest.

Maja Rosenberg Overby Storm: has declared that she has no conflicts of interest.

Johanne Perieira Ribeiro: has declared that she has no conflicts of interest.

Christel‐Mie‐Lykke Huus: has declared that she has no conflicts of interest.

Pernille Darling Rasmussen: has declared that she has no conflicts of interest.

Julie Perrine Schaug: has declared that she has no conflicts of interest.

Henriette Edeman Callesen: has declared that she has no conflicts of interest.

Maria Skoog: has declared that she has no conflicts of interest.

Camilla Groth works at the Children's Department at Hillerød Hospital, Denmark, where she conducts paediatric clinical research. She has declared that she has no conflicts of interest.

Morris Zwi (MZ) is a Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist working part time in private practice; previously, he worked exclusively for the NHS for 32 years, before retiring. He is a former Editor for CDPLP and occasionally is consulted by the group for his expertise; however, he was not involved in the editorial process for this review and it has been over one year since he did any editorial work. MZ declares a payment from the Paediatric Medicines Expert Advisory Board of the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency for his attendance at their monthly/bimonthly (i.e. every two months) meetings.

Richard Kirubakaran: has declared that he has no conflicts of interest.

Erik Simonsen: has declared that he has no conflicts of interest.

Christian Gluud: is the Co‐ordinating Editor of the Cochrane Hepato‐Biliary Group. He has declared that he has no conflicts of interest.

Figures

1
1
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included trial
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison 1. Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, outcome: 1.8 All data at low and high risk of bias (parallel‐group and cross‐over trials)
5
5
Trial Sequential Analysis: proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events
6
6
Trial Sequential Analysis: proportion of participants with one or more non‐serious adverse events
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 1: All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 2: Subgroup analysis: types of scales
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 3: Subgroup analysis: duration of treatment
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 4: Subgroup analysis: dose
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 5: Subgroup analysis: medication status ‐ medication naive versus not medication naive
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 6: Subgroup analysis: trials with enrichment design compared with trials without enrichment design
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 7: Subgroup analysis: parallel‐group trials compared with first‐period cross‐over trials
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 8: Subgroup analysis: vested interest
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 9: Subgroup analysis: type of control group
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 10: Cross‐over trial (endpoint data)
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 11: Subgroup analysis: cross‐over trials (endpoint data): dose
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 12: Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials compared with cross‐over trials (endpoint data)
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 13: All parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: risk of bias
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Teacher‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 14: All parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: vested interest
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 1: All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 2: Subgroup analysis: types of scales
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 3: Subgroup analysis: duration of treatment
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 4: Subgroup analysis: dose
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 5: Subgroup analysis: trials with enrichment design compared with trials without enrichment design
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 6: Subgroup analysis: type of control group
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 7: Subgroup analysis: parallel‐group trials compared with first‐period cross‐over trials
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 8: Cross‐over trials (endpoint data)
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 9: Subgroup analysis: cross‐over trials (endpoint data): dose
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 10: Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials compared with cross‐over trials (endpoint data)
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 11: All parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: risk of bias
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2: Independent assessor‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 12: All parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: vested interest
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 1: All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 2: Subgroup analysis: types of scales
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 3: Subgroup analysis: duration of treatment
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 4: Subgroup analysis: dose
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 5: Subgroup analysis: medication status ‐ medication naive versus not medication naive
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 6: Subgroup analysis: trials with enrichment design compared with trials without enrichment design
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 7: Subgroup analysis: parallel‐group trials compared with first‐period cross‐over trials
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 8: Subgroup analysis: type of control group
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 9: Cross‐over trials (endpoint data)
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 10: Subgroup analysis: cross‐over trials (endpoint data): dose
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 11: Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials compared with cross‐over trials (endpoint data)
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 12: All parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: risk of bias
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3: Parent‐rated ADHD symptoms, Outcome 13: All parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: vested interest
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Additional subgroup analyses of ADHD symptoms, Outcome 1: Parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials: comparison of raters
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Additional subgroup analyses of ADHD symptoms, Outcome 2: Parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials: age
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Additional subgroup analyses of ADHD symptoms, Outcome 3: Parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials: comorbidity versus no comorbidity
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Additional subgroup analyses of ADHD symptoms, Outcome 4: Parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials: subtypes ADHD: ADHD Rating Scale (parent‐, teacher‐ or independent assessor‐rated)
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Additional subgroup analyses of ADHD symptoms, Outcome 5: Cross‐over trials: first‐period data versus endpoint data (parent‐, independent assessor‐ and teacher‐rated)
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 1: Proportions of participants with serious adverse events (SAE)
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 2: Nervous system (including psychiatry)
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 3: Digestive system
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: Serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 4: Cardiovascular systems
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5: Serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 5: Respiratory systems
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5: Serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 6: Urinary system
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5: Serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 7: Skeletal and muscular system (including pain)
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5: Serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 8: Immune system (including infections)
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5: Serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 9: Other
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 1: Proportion of participants with serious adverse events (SAE)
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 2: Nervous system (including psychiatry)
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6: Serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 3: Urinary system
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6: Serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 4: Immune system
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 1: Proportion of participants with non‐serious adverse events
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 2: Subgroup analysis: proportion of participants with non‐serious adverse events according to dose
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 3: Nervous system (including psychiatry)
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 4: Digestive system
7.5
7.5. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 5: Cardiovascular system
7.6
7.6. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 6: Respiratory system
7.7
7.7. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 7: Urinary system
7.8
7.8. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 8: Skeletal and muscular systems (including pain)
7.9
7.9. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 9: Immune system (including infections)
7.10
7.10. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 10: Integumentary system
7.11
7.11. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 11: Sleep variability
7.12
7.12. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 12: Sleep variability continuous outcomes
7.13
7.13. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 13: Vital signs
7.14
7.14. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 14: Physical parameters
7.15
7.15. Analysis
Comparison 7: Non‐serious adverse events: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 15: Other (including drug toxicity)
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 1: Proportion of participants with non‐serious events
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 2: Subgroup analysis: total number of non‐serious adverse events according to dose
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 3: Nervous system (including psychiatry)
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 4: Nervous system (including psychiatry) continuous outcomes
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 5: Digestive system
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 6: Cardiovascular system
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 7: Respiratory system
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 8: Urinary system
8.9
8.9. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 9: Skeletal and muscular system
8.10
8.10. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 10: Skeletal and muscular system continuous outcomes
8.11
8.11. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 11: Immune system (including infections)
8.12
8.12. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 12: Integumentary system
8.13
8.13. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 13: Sleep variability continuous outcomes
8.14
8.14. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 14: Sleep variability
8.15
8.15. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 15: Vital signs
8.16
8.16. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 16: Physical parameters
8.17
8.17. Analysis
Comparison 8: Non‐serious adverse events: cross‐over trials (endpoint data), Outcome 17: Other (including drug toxicity)
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 1: All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 2: Subgroup analysis: types of scales
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 3: Subgroup analysis: dose
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 4: Subgroup analysis: duration of treatment
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9: Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 5: Subgroup analysis: parallel‐group trials versus first‐period cross‐over trials
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9: Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 6: Cross‐over trials (endpoint data)
9.7
9.7. Analysis
Comparison 9: Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 7: Subgroup analysis: cross‐over trials (endpoint data): dose
9.8
9.8. Analysis
Comparison 9: Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 8: Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials (teacher‐rated) versus cross‐over trials (endpoint data)
9.9
9.9. Analysis
Comparison 9: Teacher‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 9: Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: vested interest
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Independent assessor‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 1: All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Independent assessor‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 2: Cross‐over trials (endpoint data)
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10: Independent assessor‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 3: Subgroup analysis: general behaviour, cross‐over trials (endpoint data): dose
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10: Independent assessor‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 4: Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials (independent assessor‐rated) compared with cross‐over trials (endpoint data)
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10: Independent assessor‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 5: Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: vested interest
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 1: All parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11: Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 2: Subgroup analysis: types of scales
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11: Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 3: Subgroup analysis: parallel‐group trials compared with first‐period cross‐over trials
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11: Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 4: Subgroup analysis: duration of treatment
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11: Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 5: Subgroup analysis: dose
11.6
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11: Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 6: Cross‐over trials (endpoint data)
11.7
11.7. Analysis
Comparison 11: Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 7: Subgroup analysis: cross‐over trials (endpoint data): dose
11.8
11.8. Analysis
Comparison 11: Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 8: Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials (parent‐rated) compared with cross‐over trials (endpoint data)
11.9
11.9. Analysis
Comparison 11: Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 9: All parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: risk of bias
11.10
11.10. Analysis
Comparison 11: Parent‐rated general behaviour, Outcome 10: Subgroup analysis: all parallel‐group trials and cross‐over trials: vested interest
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: Additional subgroup analyses of general behaviour, Outcome 1: Parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials: comparisons of raters
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: Additional subgroup analyses of general behaviour, Outcome 2: Parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials: comorbidity versus no comorbidity
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12: Additional subgroup analyses of general behaviour, Outcome 3: Cross‐over trials: first‐period data versus endpoint data in the same trials (teacher‐, parent‐, and independent assessor‐rated)
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: Quality of life: parallel‐group trials and first‐period cross‐over trials, Outcome 1: Subgroup analysis: types of scales
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Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Barkley 2000 {published data only}
    1. Barkley RA, Connor DF, Kwasnik D. Challenges to determining adolescent medication response in an outpatient clinical setting: comparing Adderall and methylphenidate for ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2000;4(2):102-13. [DOI: 10.1177/108705470000400204] - DOI
Barragán 2017 {published data only}
    1. Barragán E, Breuer D, Döpfner M. Efficacy and safety of omega-3/6 fatty acids, methylphenidate, and a combined treatment in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2017;21(5):433-41. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054713518239] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Bedard 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bedard A-C, Tannock R. Anxiety, methylphenidate response, and working memory in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2008;11(5):546-57. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054707311213] - DOI - PubMed
Bhat 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ben AL, Grizenko N, Mbekou V, Lageix P, Baron C, Schwartz G, et al. Dopamine transporter gene and behavioral response to methylphenidate (MPH) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 2002;114(7):724-5. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10971] - DOI
    1. Bhat V, Sengupta SM, Grizenko N, Joober R. Therapeutic response in children with ADHD: role of observers and settings. World Journal of Pediatrics 2020;16(3):314-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00332-5] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bhat V, Sengupta SM, Grizenko N, Joober R. Therapeutic response to methylphenidate in ADHD: role of child and observer gender. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2020;29(1):44-52. [PMID: ] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Fageera W, Chaumette B, Fortier MÈ, Grizenko N, Labbe A, Sengupta SM, et al. Association between COMT methylation and response to treatment in children with ADHD. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2021;135:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.008] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Fageera W, Grizenko N, Sengupta S M, Joober R. Using behavioral dynamic approaches to test for gene-by-gene interaction in modulating ADHD behaviors. Genetic Epidemiology 2016;40(7):634-5. [DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22001] - DOI
Biederman 2003b {published data only}
    1. Biederman J, Quinn D, Weiss M, Markabi S, Weidenman M, Edson K, et al. Efficacy and safety of Ritalin LA, a new, once daily, extended-release dosage form of methylphenidate, in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatric Drugs 2003;5(12):833-41. [DOI: 10.2165/00148581-200305120-00006] - DOI - PubMed
Bliznakova 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bliznakova L, Gerstner S, Schmidt MH, Becker K. Methylphenidate double-blind trial: indication and performing [Der methylphenidat-doppelblindversuch - indikation und durchfuhrung]. Klinische Pädiatrie 2007;219(1):9-16. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-836823] - DOI - PubMed
Blum 2011 {published data only}
    1. Blum NJ, Jawad AF, Clarke AT, Power TJ. Effect of osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate on different domains of attention and executive functioning in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2011;53(9):843-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03944.x] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00530257. Study of the effects of osmotic-release oral system (OROS) methylphenidate (Concerta) on attention and memory (CHOP) [Effect of OROS-methylphenidate (Concerta) on different domains of attention and working memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00530257 (first received 17 September 2007).
Borcherding 1990 {published data only}
    1. Borcherding BG, Keysor CS, Rapoport JL, Elia J, Amass J. Motor/vocal tics and compulsive behaviors on stimulant drugs: is there a common vulnerability? Psychiatry Research 1990;33(1):83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1781(90)90151-T] - DOI - PubMed
Brams 2008 {published data only}
    1. Brams M, Muniz R, Childress A, Giblin J, Mao A, Turnbow J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, crossover study of once-daily dexmethylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: rapid onset of effect. CNS Drugs 2008;22(8):693-704. [DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200822080-00006] - DOI - PubMed
Brams 2012 {published data only}
    1. Brams M, Turnbow J, Pestreich L, Giblin J, Childress A, McCague K, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of 30 versus 20 mg dexmethylphenidate extended-release in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: late-day symptom control. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2012;32(5):637-44. [DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182677825] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Brams M, Turnbow J, Pestreich L. Erratum: a randomized, double-blind study of 30 versus 20 mg dexmethylphenidate extended-release in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: late-day symptom control. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2012;32(6):766. [DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182761e12] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dexmethylphenidate may be effective later in the day. Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2012;14(11):8. [DOI: 10.1002/cpu.20175] - DOI
    1. Muniz R, Pestreich L, McCague K, Padilla A, Brams M, Childress A. Extended-release dexmethylphenidate 30 mg improves late-day attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom control in children with ADHD: a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Abstracts of the 50th Annual National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (NCDEU) Meeting; 2010 June 14–17; Boca Raton, Florida 2010;20(6):534-5.
    1. NCT00776009. Efficacy and safety of dex-methylphenidate extended release 30 mg versus 20 mg in children (6-12 years) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a laboratory classroom setting [A randomized, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study evaluating the safety and efficacy of dex-methylphenidate extended release 30 mg vs 20 mg as measured by Skamp-combined scores in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a laboratory classroom setting]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00776009 (first received 20 October 2008).
Brown 1984a {published data only}
    1. Brown RT, Wynne ME, Slimmer LW. Attention deficit disorder and the effect of methylphenidate on attention, behavioral, and cardiovascular functioning. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1984;45(11):473-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Brown 1985 {published data only}
    1. Brown RT, Wynne ME, Medenis R. Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy: a comparison of treatment approaches with hyperactive boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1985;13(1):69-87. [DOI: 10.1007/BF00918373] - DOI - PubMed
Brown 1988 {published data only}
    1. Brown RT, Sexson SB. A controlled trial of methylphenidate in black adolescents. Attentional, behavioral, and physiological effects. Clinical Pediatrics 1988;27(2):74-81. [DOI: 10.1177/000992288802700204] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Brown RT, Sexson SB. Effects of methylphenidate on cardiovascular responses in attention deficit hyperactivity disordered adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health Care 1989;10(3):179-83. [DOI: 10.1016/0197-0070(89)90229-5] - DOI - PubMed
Brown 1991 {published data only}
    1. Brown RT, Jaffe SL, Silverstein J, Magee H. Methylphenidate and hospitalized adolescents with conduct disorder: dose effects on classroom behavior, academic performance, and impulsivity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1991;20(5):501-18. [DOI: 10.1007/BF01540634] - DOI - PubMed
Buitelaar 1995 {published data only}
    1. Buitelaar JK, Swaab-Barneveld H, Van der Gaag RJ. Prediction of clinical response to methylphenidate in children with ADHD. In: X World Congress of Psychiatry; 1996 August 23-26; Madrid, Spain. Madrid: World Psychiatric Association, 1996.
    1. Buitelaar JK, Van der Gaag RJ, Swaab-Barneveld H, Kuiper M. Pindolol and methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical efficacy and side-effects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1996;37(5):587-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01445.x] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Buitelaar JK, Van der Gaag RJ, Swaab-Barneveld H, Kuiper M. Prediction of clinical response to methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995;34(8):1025-32. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199508000-00012] - DOI - PubMed
Bukstein 1998 {published data only}
    1. Bukstein OG, Kolko DJ. Effects of methylphenidate on aggressive urban children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1998;27(3):340-51. [DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2703_10] - DOI - PubMed
Butter 1983 {published data only}
    1. Butter HJ, Lapierre Y, Firestone P, Blank A. A comparative study of the efficacy of ACTH4-9 analog, methylphenidate, and placebo on attention deficit disorder with hyperkinesis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1983;3(4):226-30. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Butter HJ, Lapierre Y, Firestone P, Blank A. Efficacy of ACTH 4-9 analog, methylphenidate, and placebo on attention deficit disorder with hyperkinesis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 1984;8(4-6):661-4. [DOI: 10.1016/0278-5846(84)90032-0] - DOI - PubMed
Carlson 1995 {published data only}
    1. Carlson GA, Rapport MD, Kelly KL, Pataki CS. Methylphenidate and desipramine in hospitalized children with comorbid behavior and mood disorders: separate and combined effects on behavior and mood. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1995;5(3):191-204. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.1995.5.191] - DOI
    1. Pataki CS, Carlson GA, Kelly KL, Rapport MD, Biancaniello TM. Side effects of methylphenidate and desipramine alone and in combination in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1993;32(5):1065-72. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199309000-00028] - DOI - PubMed
Carlson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Carlson GA, Dunn D, Kelsey D, Ruff D, Ball S, Ahrbecker L, et al. A pilot study for augmenting atomoxetine with methylphenidate: safety of concomitant therapy in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2007;1:10. [DOI: 10.1186/1753-2000-1-10] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00485550. Comparison of atomoxetine plus either comparator or placebo in children with ADHD who haven't responded to stimulant therapy [A randomized, double-blind comparison of atomoxetine hydrochloride augmented with either extended-release methylphenidate hydrochloride (Concerta-tm) or placebo in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who have not responded to stimulant mono therapy]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00485550 (first received 13 June 2007).
Castellanos 1997 {published data only}
    1. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Elia J, Marsh WL, Ritchie GF, Hamburger SD, et al. Controlled stimulant treatment of ADHD and comorbid Tourette's syndrome: effects of stimulant and dose. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1997;36(5):589-96. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00008] - DOI - PubMed
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Chacko 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chacko A, Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Greiner A, Vallano G, Bukstein O, et al. Stimulant medication effects in a summer treatment program among young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005;44(3):249-57. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200503000-00009] - DOI - PubMed
Childress 2009 {published data only}
    1. Childress A, Muniz R, Miller J, Arnold V, Harper L, Gerstner O, Borrello M, Thulasiraman A, Post A. Fixed-dose titration study of dexmethylphenidate extended release in children with ADHD: effects on teacher-rated scales. Annals of Neurology 2007;62(Suppl 11):S125. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.11635] - DOI
    1. Childress AC, Spencer T, Lopez F, Gerstner O, Thulasiraman A, Muniz R, et al. Efficacy and safety of dexmethylphenidate extended-release capsules administered once daily to children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2009;19(4):351-61. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2009.0007] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Childress AC, Spencer T, Lopez F, Gerstner O, Thulasiraman A, Muniz R, et al. Dose related safety and efficacy of dexmethylphenidate ER. Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2009;11(11):7-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cpu.20103] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Greenbaum M, Muniz R, Brams M, Boellner S, Gerstner O, Borello M, et al. Cardiovascular safety of dexmethylphenidate extended release in children with ADHD. Annals of Neurology 2007;62(Suppl 11):S146. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.11638] - DOI
    1. Lopez F, Muniz R, Joyce JM, Franklin ER, Gerstner O, Borello M, et al. Fixed-dose titration study of dexmethylphenidate extended release in children with ADHD: effects on parent-rated scales. Annals of Neurology 2007;62(Suppl 11):S122. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.11635] - DOI
Childress 2017 {published data only}
    1. Childress AC, Kollins SH, Cutler AJ, Marraffino A, Sikes CR. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of an extended-release orally disintegrating methylphenidate tablet in children 6-12 years of age with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the laboratory classroom setting. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2017;27(1):66-74. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0002] [PMCID: PMC5326982] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Childress AC, Kollins SH, Cutler AJ, Marraffino A, Sikes CR. Open-label dose optimization of methylphenidate extended-release orally disintegrating tablet in a laboratory classroom study of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2021;31(5):342-9. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2020.0142] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT01835548. NT0102 in the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study of nt0102 in children (ages 6 12 years) with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01835548 (first received 19 April 2013).
    1. Teuscher N, Sikes C, McMahen R, Engelking D. Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of a novel methylphenidate extended-release orally disintegrating tablet in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2017;56(Suppl 10):S288-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.09.382] - DOI
    1. Teuscher NS, Sikes CR, McMahen R, Engelking D. Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of a novel methylphenidate extended-release orally disintegrating tablet in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2018;38(5):467-74. [DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000944] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Childress 2020a {published data only}
    1. Childress AC, Brams MN, Cutler AJ, Donnelly GA, Bhaskar S. Efficacy and safety of multilayer, extended-release methylphenidate (PRC-063) in children 6-12 years of age with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a laboratory classroom study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2020;30(10):580-9. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2020.0109] [PMCID: PMC7757528] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT03172481. PRC-063 classroom study in children (6-12 years of age) with ADHD [A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, laboratory classroom study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of prc-063 compared to placebo in children (6-12 years of age) with ADHD]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03172481 (first received 11 June 2017).
Childress 2020b {published data only}
    1. Arnold V, Lopez F, Childress A, Po M, Gregg R, Sallee F, et al. Improvements in emotional lability with delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2021;60(Suppl 10):S257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.09.412] - DOI
    1. Childress AC, Cutler AJ, Marraffino A, DeSousa NJ, Incledon B, Sallee FR. Efficacy and safety of delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate (DRr/ER-MPH) in children with ADHD: results from a pivotal phase 3 classroom trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2018;57(Suppl 10):S166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.111] - DOI
    1. Childress AC, Cutler AJ, Marraffino A, McDonnell MA, Turnbow JM, Brams M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of HLD200, a delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate, in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an evaluation of safety and efficacy throughout the day and across settings. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2020;30(1):2-14. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0070] [PMCID: PMC7041320] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Childress AC, Pliszka SR, Cutler AJ, Marraffino A, DeSousa NJ, Sallee FR, et al. Electronically monitored adherence rates with evening-dosed delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate in children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2020;59(Suppl 10):S152-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.073] - DOI
    1. Childress AC, Uchida CL, Po MD, DeSousa NJ, Incledon B. A post hoc comparison of prior ADHD medication dose and optimized delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate dose in a pivotal phase iii trial. Clinical Therapeutics 2020;42(12):2332-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.10.004] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Childress 2020c {published data only}
    1. Childress AC, Kollins SH, Adjei AL, Haddock P, Foehl HC, Mattingly G, et al. The efficacy and safety of methylphenidate hydrochloride (HCL) extended-release in preschool aged children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2018;57(Suppl 10):S209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.09.241] - DOI
    1. Childress AC, Kollins SH, Foehl HC, Newcorn JH, Mattingly G, Kupper RJ, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose titration study of methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release capsules (Aptensio XR) in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2020;30(2):58-68. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2019.0085] [PMCID: PMC7047252] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02683265. A flexible-dose titration study of Aptensio XR in children ages 4 to under 6 years diagnosed with ADHD (EF003) [A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose titration study of Aptensio XR® in children ages 4 to under 6 years diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02683265 (first received 17 February 2016).
Chronis 2003 {published data only}
    1. Chronis A, Pelham WE Jr, Gnagy E, Roberts J, Aronoff H. The impact of late-afternoon stimulant dosing for children with ADHD on parent and parent-child domains. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2003;32(1):118-26. [DOI: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3201_11] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Chronis AM, Burrows-MacLean L, Fabiano GA, Onyango AN, et al. A comparison of morning-only and morning/late afternoon Adderall to morning-only, twice-daily, and three times-daily methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 1999;104(6):1300-11. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.104.6.1300] - DOI - PubMed
Coghill 2007 {published data only}
    1. Coghill DR, Rhodes SM, Matthews K. Chronic effects of the psychostimulant drug methylphenidate on neuropsychological functioning in drug-naive boys with hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD). In: Journal of Psychopharmacology. Summer Meeting of the British Association for Psychopharmacology; 2003 July 20-23; Cambridge, England. Vol. 17 (3). London: Sage Publications Ltd, 2003:A74. [WOS: 000185623500293]
    1. Coghill DR, Rhodes SM, Matthews K. The neuropsychological effects of chronic methylphenidate on drug-naive boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2007;62(9):954-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.12.030] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Idema IM, Payne JM, Coghill D. Effects of methylphenidate on cognitive functions in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: does baseline performance matter? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2021;89(7):615-25. [DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000662] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Coghill 2013 {published data only}
    1. Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Lecendreux M, Johnson M, Zuddas A, Hodgkins P, et al. Health-related quality of life and functional outcomes from a randomized, controlled study of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 2013;27(10):829-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s40263-013-0095-5] [PMCID: PMC3784063] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Lecendreux M, Johnson M, Zuddas A, Hodgkins P, et al. The child health and illness profile as a measure of health-related quality of life in stimulant-treated children and adolescents with ADHD. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2013;22(Suppl 2):S125-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0423-9] - DOI
    1. Coghill D, Banaschewski T, Lecendreux M, Soutollu C, Johnson M, Zuddas A, et al. The first European studies of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Abstracts of the 15th International Congress of ESCAP - European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; 2013 July 6-10, Dublin, Ireland 2013;22(2 Suppl):S125. [DOI: 10.1007/s00787-013-0423-9] - DOI
    1. Coghill D, Banaschewski T, Lecendreux M, Soutullo C, Johnson M, Zuddas A, et al. European, randomized, phase 3 study of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2013;23(10):1208-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.11.012] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Coghill D, Banaschewski T, Lecendreux M, Soutullo C, Johnson M, Zuddas A, et al. Post hoc comparison of the efficacy of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate in children and adolescents with ADHD. European Psychiatry 2013;28(Suppl 1):1. [DOI: 10.1016/S0924-9338(13)76103-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Connor 2000 {published data only}
    1. Connor DF, Barkley RA, Davis HT. A pilot study of methylphenidate, clonidine, or the combination in ADHD comorbid with aggressive oppositional defiant or conduct disorder. Clinical Pediatrics 2000;39(1):15-25. [DOI: 10.1177/000992280003900102] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Cook 1993 {published data only}
    1. Cook JR, Mausbach T, Burd L, Gascon GG, Slotnick HB, Patterson B, et al. A preliminary study of the relationship between central auditory processing disorder and attention deficit disorder. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 1993;18(3):130-7. [PMCID: PMC1188509] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Cook JR. The Effects of Methylphenidate on Resource Allocation in the Mental Processing of ADD Children [PhD thesis]. University of North Dakota, 1989.
Corkum 2008 {published data only}
    1. Corkum P, Panton R, Ironside S, Macpherson M, Williams T. Acute impact of immediate release methylphenidate administered three times a day on sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2008;33(4):368-79. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsm106] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ironside S, Davidson F, Corkum P. Circadian motor activity affected by stimulant medication in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Sleep Research 2010;19(4):546-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2010.00845.x] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Corkum 2020 {published data only}
    1. Corkum P, Begum EA, Rusak B, Rajda M, Shea S, MacPherson M, et al. The effects of extended-release stimulant medication on sleep in children with ADHD. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2020;29(1):33-43. [PMCID: PMC7065567] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gendron M, Rusak B, Rajda M, Corkum PV. Assessing the impact of methylphenidate on sleep in children with ADHD using polysomnography and actigraphy. Sleep 2012;35(Abstract supplement):A374. [URL: static.primary.prod.gcms.the-infra.com/static/site/sleep/document/2012ab... (accessed 21/09/22)]
    1. Morash-Conway J, Gendron M, Corkum P. The role of sleep quality and quantity in moderating the effectiveness of medication in the treatment of children with ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 2017;9(1):31-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-016-0204-7] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Waldon J, Begum E, Gendron M, Rusak B, Andreou P, Rajda M, et al. Concordance of actigraphy with polysomnography in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Sleep Research 2016;25(5):524-33. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12402] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Cox 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cox DJ, Merkel RL, Moore M, Thorndike F, Muller C, Kovatchev B. Relative benefits of stimulant therapy with OROS methylphenidate versus mixed amphetamine salts extended release in improving the driving performance of adolescent drivers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2006;118(3):e704-10. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-2947] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Cox DJ, Moore M, Burket R, Merkel RL, Mikami AY, Kovatchev B. Rebound effects with long-acting amphetamine or methylphenidate stimulant medication preparations among adolescent male drivers with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2008;18(1):1-10. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2006.0141] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mikami AY, Cox DJ, Davis MT, Wilson HK, Merkel RL, Burket R. Sex differences in effectiveness of extended-release stimulant medication among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 2009;16(3):233-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10880-009-9165-8] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
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CRIT124US02 {published data only}
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Döpfner 2004 {published data only}
    1. Döpfner M, Gerber WD, Banaschewski T, Breuer D, Freisleder FJ, Gerber-von Müller G, et al. Comparative efficacy of once-a-day extended-release methylphenidate, two-times-daily immediate-release methylphenidate, and placebo in a laboratory school setting. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;13(1 Suppl):i93-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00787-004-1009-3] - DOI - PubMed
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Douglas 1986 {published data only}
    1. Douglas VI, Barr RG, O'Neill ME, Britton BG. Short term effects of methylphenidate on the cognitive, learning and academic performance of children with attention deficit disorder in the laboratory and the classroom. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 1986;27(2):191-211. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1986.tb02330.x] - DOI - PubMed
Douglas 1995 {published data only}
    1. Douglas VI, Barr RG, Desilets J, Sherman E. Do high doses of stimulants impair flexible thinking in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995;34(7):877-85. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199507000-00011] - DOI - PubMed
DuPaul 1996 {published data only}
    1. DuPaul GJ, Anastopoulos AD, Kwasnik D, Barkley RA, McMurray MB, DuPaul GJ. Methylphenidate effects on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: self-report of symptoms, side-effects, and self-esteem. Journal of Attention Disorders 1996;1(1):3-15. [DOI: 10.1177/108705479600100101] - DOI
Duric 2012 {published data only}
    1. Duric NS, Assmus J, Gundersen D, Duric Golos A, Elgen IB. Multimodal treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 6-month follow-up. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 2017;71(5):386-94. [DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1305446] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
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Epstein 2011 {published data only}
    1. Epstein JN, Brinkman WB, Froehlich T, Langberg JM, Narad ME, Antonini TN, et al. Effects of stimulant medication, incentives, and event rate on reaction time variability in children with ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011;36(5):1060-72. [DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.243] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Fabiano 2007 {published data only}
    1. Fabiano GA, Pelham WE Jr, Gnagy EM, Burrows-MacLean L, Coles EK, Chacko A, et al. The single and combined effects of multiple intensities of behavior modification and methylphenidate for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a classroom setting. School Psychology Review 2007;36(2):195-216. [DOI: 10.1080/02796015.2007.12087940] - DOI
    1. Pelham WE, Burrows-Maclean L, Gnagy EM, Fabiano GA, Coles EK, Wymbs BT, et al. A dose-ranging study of behavioral and pharmacological treatment in social settings for children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2014;42(6):1019-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9843-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Findling 2006 {published data only}
    1. Findling RL, Quinn D, Hatch SJ, Cameron SJ, DeCory HH, McDowell M. Comparison of the clinical efficacy of twice-daily Ritalin and once-daily Equasym XL with placebo in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2006;15(8):450-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00787-006-0565-0] - DOI - PubMed
Findling 2007 {published data only}
    1. Findling RL, Short EJ, McNamara NK, Demeter CA, Stansbrey RJ, Gracious BL, et al. Methylphenidate in the treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2007;46(11):1445-53. [DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e31814b8d3b] - DOI - PubMed
Findling 2008 {published data only}
    1. Faraone SV, Glatt SJ, Bukstein OG, Lopez FA, Arnold LE, Findling RL. Effects of once-daily oral and transdermal methylphenidate on sleep behavior of children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2009;12(4):308-15. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054708314844] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. NCT00444574. Safety and efficacy of MTS versus Concerta in pediatric patients (aged 6-12 years) with ADHD [A phase III, randomized, double-blind, multi-center, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, dose optimization study, designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of methylphenidate transdermal system (MTS) vs Concerta® in pediatric patients aged 6-12 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00444574 (first received 8 March 2007).
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Findling 2010 {published data only}
    1. Findling RL, Katic A, Rubin R, Moon E, Civil R, Li Y. A 6-month, open-label, extension study of the tolerability and effectiveness of the methylphenidate transdermal system in adolescents diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2010;20(5):365-75. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2009.0122] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Findling RL, Turnbow J, Burnside J, Melmed R, Civil R, Li Y. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, dose-optimization study of the methylphenidate transdermal system for the treatment of ADHD in adolescents. CNS Spectrums 2010;15(7):419-30. [DOI: 10.1017/S1092852900000353] - DOI - PubMed
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Fine 1993 {published data only}
    1. Fine S, Johnston C. Drug and placebo side effects in methylphenidate-placebo trial for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 1993;24(1):25-30. [DOI: 10.1007/BF02353715] - DOI - PubMed
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Firestone 1981 {published data only}
    1. Firestone P, Kelly MJ, Goodman JT, Davey J. Differential effects of parent training and stimulant medication with hyperactives: a progress report. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1981;20(1):135-47. [DOI: 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60723-8] - DOI - PubMed
Fitzpatrick 1992a {published data only}
    1. Fitzpatrick PA, Klorman R, Brumaghim JT, Borgstedt AD. Effects of sustained-release and standard preparations of methylphenidate on attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1992;31(2):226-34. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199203000-00008] - DOI - PubMed
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Flapper 2008 {published data only}
    1. Flapper BCT, Houwen S, Schoemaker MM. Fine motor skills and effects of methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2006;48(3):165-9. [DOI: 10.1017/S0012162206000375] - DOI - PubMed
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Forness 1992 {published data only}
    1. Forness SR, Cantwell DP, Swanson JM, Hanna GL, Youpa D. Differential effects of stimulant medication on reading performance of boys with hyperactivity with and without conduct disorder. Journal of Learning Disabilities 1991;24(5):304-10. [DOI: 10.1177/002221949102400507] - DOI - PubMed
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Froehlich 2011 {published data only}
    1. Froehlich TE, Epstein JN, Nick TG, Melguizo-Castro MS, Stein MA, Brinkman WB, et al. Pharmacogenetic predictors of methylphenidate dose-response in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2011;50(11):1129-39.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.08.002] [PMCID: PMC3225067] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Froehlich 2018 {published data only}
    1. Becker SP, Froehlich TE, Epstein JN. Effects of methylphenidate on sleep functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 2016;37(5):395-404. [DOI: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000285] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Gadow 1990 {published data only}
    1. Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Paolicelli LM, Sprafkin J. A procedure for assessing the effects of methylphenidate on hyperactive children in public school settings. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1991;20(3):268-76. [DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2003_5] - DOI
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Gadow 1995 {published data only}
    1. Gadow D, Nolan E, Sprafkin J, Sverd J. School observations of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid tic disorder: effects of methylphenidate treatment. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 1995;16(3):167–76. [DOI: 10.1097/00004703-199506000-00004] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Schwartz J. Anxiety and depression symptoms and response to methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2002;22(3):267-74. [DOI: 10.1097/00004714-200206000-00007] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Gadow KD, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Nolan EE, Grossman S. Long-term methylphenidate therapy in children with comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and chronic multiple tic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999;56(4):330-6. [DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.56.4.330] - DOI - PubMed
Gadow 2007 {published data only}
    1. Gadow KD, Nolan E, Sprafkin J, Sverd J. School observations of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid tic disorder: effects of methylphenidate treatment. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 1995;16(3):167-76. [DOI: 10.1097/00004703-199506000-00004] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Gadow KD, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Nolan EE, Ezor SN. Efficacy of methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with tic disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1995;52(6):444-55. [DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950180030005] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00441649. Methylphenidate for treating children with ADHD and Tourette Syndrome [Methylphenidate treatment of ADHD in children with Tourette Syndrome]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00441649 (first received 1 March 2007).
Gadow 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gadow KD, Nolan EE. Methylphenidate and comorbid anxiety disorder in children with both chronic multiple tic disorder and ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2011;15(3):246-56. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054709356405] - DOI - PubMed
Garfinkel 1983 {published data only}
    1. Garfinkel BD, Wender PH, Sloman L, O'Neill I. Tricyclic antidepressant and methylphenidate treatment of attention deficit disorder in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1983;22(4):343-8. [DOI: 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60669-5] - DOI - PubMed
Gonzalez‐Heydrich 2010 {published data only}
    1. Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Whitney J, Hsin O, Mrakotsky C, MacMillan C, Torres A, et al. Tolerability of OROS-MPH 18 and 36 mg in paediatric epilepsy plus attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Epilepsia. Proceedings of the 26th International Epilepsy Congress; 2005 August 28th - September 1st; Paris, France 2005;46(Suppl s6):179. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.460602.x] - DOI
    1. Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Whitney J, Waber D, Forbes P, Hsin O, Faraone SV, et al. Adaptive phase I study of OROS methylphenidate treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior 2010;18(3):229-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.02.022] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Gorman 2006 {published data only}
    1. Chang HT. Effects of methylphenidate on performance and private speech of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during the Tower of Hanoi task. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2001;62(1-B):540. [PROQUEST: 304727139]
    1. Gorman EB, Klorman R, Thatcher JE, Borgstedt AD. Effects of methylphenidate on subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006;45(7):808-16. [DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000214191.57993.dd] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kopecky H, Chang HT, Klorman R, Thatcher JE, Borgstedt AD. Performance and private speech of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder while taking the Tower of Hanoi test: effects of depth of search, diagnostic subtype, and methylphenidate. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2005;33(5):625-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-005-6742-7] - DOI - PubMed
Green 2011 {published data only}
    1. Green T, Weinberger R, Diamond A, Berant M, Hirschfeld L, Frisch A, et al. The effect of methylphenidate on prefrontal cognitive functioning, inattention, and hyperactivity in velocardiofacial syndrome. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2011;21(6):589-95. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2011.0042] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Green T, Weinberger R, Weizman A, Kotler M, Gothelf D. Effect of methylphenidate on neurocognitive functioning in velocardiofacial syndrome: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry 2009;65(Suppl 8):147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.002] - DOI
    1. NCT00768820. The psychiatric and cognitive phenotypes in velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) [The psychiatric and cognitive phenotypes in velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), Williams Syndrome (WS)and Fragile X Syndrome characterization, treatment and examining the connection to developmental and molecular factors]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00768820 (first received 8 October 2008).
Greenhill 2002 {published data only}
    1. Greenhill LL, Findling RL, Swanson JM, ADHD Study Group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of modified-release methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2002;109(3):e39. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.109.3.e39] - DOI - PubMed
Greenhill 2006 {published data only}
    1. Greenhill LL, Muniz R, Ball RR, Levine A, Pestreich L, Jiang H. Efficacy and safety of dexmethylphenidate extended-release capsules in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006;45(7):817-23. [DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000220847.41027.5d] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Gruber R, Grizenko N, Schwartz G, Bellingham J, Guzman R, Joober R. Performance on the continuous performance test in children with ADHD is associated with sleep efficiency. Sleep 2007;30(8):1003-9. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.8.1003] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Hale 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hale JB, Reddy LA, Semrud-Clikeman M, Hain LA, Whitaker J, Morley J, et al. Executive impairment determines ADHD medication response: implications for academic achievement. Journal of Learning Disabilities 2011;44(2):196-212. [DOI: 10.1177/0022219410391191] - DOI - PubMed
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Hawk 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ashare RL, Hawk LW Jr, Shiels K, Rhodes JD, Pelham WE Jr, Waxmonsky JG. Methylphenidate enhances prepulse inhibition during processing of task-relevant stimuli in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychophysiology 2010;47(5):838-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01001.x] [PMCID: PMC2906628] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Heriot 2008 {published data only}
    1. Heriot SA, Evans IM, Foster TM. Critical influences affecting response to various treatments in young children with ADHD: a case series. Child: Care, Health and Development 2008;34(1):121-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00745.x] - DOI - PubMed
Hicks 1985 {published data only}
    1. Gualtieri CT, Hicks RE, Mayo JP, Schroeder SR. The persistence of stimulant effects in chronically treated children: further evidence of an inverse relationship between drug effects and placebo levels of response. Psychopharmacology 1984;83(1):44-7. [DOI: 10.1007/BF00427420] - DOI - PubMed
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Hoeppner 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hoeppner JA, Hale JB, Bradley AM, Byrnes M, Coury DL, Lennie L, et al. A clinical protocol for determining methylphenidate dosage levels in ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 1997;2(1):19-30. [DOI: 10.1177/108705479700200102] - DOI
Horn 1991 {published data only}
    1. Horn WF, Ialongo NS, Pascoe JM, Greenberg G, Packard T, Lopez M, et al. Additive effects of psychostimulants, parent training, and self-control therapy with ADHD children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1991;30(2):233-40. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199103000-00011] - DOI - PubMed
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Huang 2021 {published data only}
    1. Huang Y-S, Yeh C-B, Chen C-H, Shang C-Y, Gau SS-F. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover clinical trial of Oradur-methylphenidate for treating children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2021;31(3):164-78. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2020.0104] [PMCID: PMC8066345] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02450890. Evaluate safety and efficacy of ORADUR®-methylphenidate in children and adolescents with ADHD [A phase III, multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, two-way cross-over clinical study to evaluate safety and efficacy of Oradur®-methylphenidate in children and adolescents with ADHD]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02450890 (first received 21 May 2015).
Ialongo 1994 {published data only}
    1. Ialongo NS, Lopez M, Horn WF, Pascoe JM, Greenberg G. Effects of psychostimulant medication on self-perceptions of competence, control, and mood in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1994;23(2):161-73. [DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp2302_6] - DOI
Jacobi‐Polishook 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jacobi-Polishook T, Shorer Z, Melzer I. The effect of methylphenidate on postural stability under single and dual task conditions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - a double blind randomized control trial. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2009;280(1-2):15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.01.007] - DOI - PubMed
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Jensen 1999 (MTA) {published data only}
    1. Abikoff H. Tailored psychosocial treatments for ADHD: the search for a good fit. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 2001;30(1):122-5. [DOI: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3001_14] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Arnold LE, Chuang S, Davies M, Abikoff HB, Conners CK, Elliott GR, et al. Nine months of multicomponent behavioral treatment for ADHD and effectiveness of MTA fading procedures. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2004;32(1):39-51. [DOI: 10.1023/B:JACP.0000007579.61289.31] - DOI - PubMed
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Johnston 1988 {published data only}
    1. Johnston C, Pelham WE, Hoza J, Sturges J. Psychostimulant rebound in attention deficit disordered boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1988;27(6):806-10. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-198811000-00026] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Pelham WE, Milich R, Walker JL. Effects of continuous and partial reinforcement and methylphenidate on learning in children with attention deficit disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1986;95(4):319-25. [DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.95.4.319] - DOI - PubMed
Kaplan 1990 {published data only}
    1. Kaplan SL, Busner J, Kupietz S, Wassermann E, Segal B. Effects of methylphenidate on adolescents with aggressive conduct disorder and ADDH: a preliminary report. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1990;29(5):719-23. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199009000-00007] - DOI - PubMed
Kelly 1989 {published data only}
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Kent 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kent JD, Blader JC, Koplewicz HS, Abikoff H, Foley CA. Effects of late-afternoon methylphenidate administration on behavior and sleep in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 1995;96(2):320-5. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.96.2.320] - DOI - PubMed
Kent 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kent MA, Camfield CS, Camfield PR. Double-blind methylphenidate trials: practical, useful, and highly endorsed by families. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 1999;153(12):1292-6. [DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.153.12.1292] - DOI - PubMed
Klorman 1990 {published data only}
    1. Klorman R, Brumaghim JT, Fitzpatrick PA, Borgstedt AD. Clinical effects of a controlled trial of methylphenidate on adolescents with attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1990;29(5):702-9. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199009000-00005] - DOI - PubMed
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Kolko 1999 {published data only}
    1. Kolko DJ, Bukstein OG, Barron J. Methylphenidate and behavior modification in children with ADHD and comorbid ODD or CD: main and incremental effects across settings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999;38(5):578-86. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199905000-00020] - DOI - PubMed
Kollins 2006 (PATS) {published data only}
    1. Abikoff HB, Vitiello B, Riddle MA, Cunningham C, Greenhill LL, Swanson JM, et al. Methylphenidate effects on functional outcomes in the Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study (PATS). Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2007;17(5):581-92. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2007.0068] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. At a glance... study design sought to balance rigor, subject safety. Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2006;8(12):4-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cpu.20033] - DOI
    1. Ghuman JK, Riddle MA, Vitiello B, Greenhill LL, Chuang SZ, Wigal SB, et al. Comorbidity moderates response to methylphenidate in the Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment Study (PATS). Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2007;17(5):563-80. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2007.0071] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Greenhill LL, Kollins S, Abikoff H, McCracken J, Riddle M, Swanson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of immediate-release methylphenidate treatment for preschoolers with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006;45(11):1284-93. [DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000235077.32661.61] - DOI - PubMed
Kollins 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kollins SH, Braeckman R, Guenther S, Barrett AC, Mickle TC, Oh C, et al. A randomized, controlled laboratory classroom study of serdexmethylphenidate and d-methyphenidate capsules in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 2021;31(9):597-609. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2021.0077] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT03292952. KP415 Classroom Study in Children (6-12 Years of Age) With ADHD. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03292952.
Konrad 2004 {published data only}
    1. Konrad K, Günther T, Hanisch C, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Differential effects of methylphenidate on attentional functions in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;43(2):191-8. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200402000-00015] - DOI - PubMed
Konrad 2005 {published data only}
    1. Konrad K, Günther T, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Clinical evaluation of subjective and objective changes in motor activity and attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a double-blind methylphenidate trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2005;15(2):180-90. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2005.15.180] - DOI - PubMed
Kortekaas‐Rijlaarsdam 2017 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2012-000492-17-NL. The effects of medical treatment with methylphenidate on academic activity and related skills in children with ADHD [The effects of long-acting methylphenidate on academic activity and related constructs in Children with ADHD: a randomised placebo controlled trial - ADHD and medication in the classroom]. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2012-000492-17-NL (first received 12 March 2012).
    1. Kortekaas-Rijlaarsdam AF, Luman M, Sonuga-Barke E, Bet P, Oosterlaan J. Methylphenidate-related improvements in math performance cannot be explained by better cognitive functioning or higher academic motivation: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Attention Disorders 2020;24(13):1824-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054717713640] [PMCID: PMC7543012] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kortekaas-Rijlaarsdam AF, Luman M, Sonuga-Barke E, Bet PM, Oosterlaan J. Short-term effects of methylphenidate on math productivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are mediated by symptom improvements: evidence from a placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2017;37(2):210-9. [DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000000671] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Kritchman 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kritchman M, Koubi M, Bloch AM, Bloch Y. Effect of methylphenidate on state anxiety in children with ADHD-a single dose, placebo controlled, crossover study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2019;13:106. [DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00106] [PMCID: PMC6530494] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT01798459. The effect of methylphenidate versus placebo on state anxiety in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [A double blind randomized crossover study of the effect of methylphenidate versus placebo on state anxiety in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01798459 (first received 25 Feburary 2013).
Leddy 2009 {published data only}
    1. Leddy JJ, Waxmonsky JG, Salis RJ, Paluch RA, Gnagy EM, Mahaney P, et al. Dopamine-related genotypes and the dose-response effect of methylphenidate on eating in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder youths. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2009;19(2):127-36. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2008.046] - DOI - PubMed
Lehmkuhl 2002 {published data only}
    1. Döpfner M, Banaschewski T, Schmidt J, Uebel H, Schmeck K, Gerber WD, et al. Long-acting methylphenidate preparation in children with ADHD - a multicenter study [Langzeitwirksames methylphenidat bei kindern mit aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-hyperaktivitätsstörungen: eine multizentrische studie]. Nervenheilkunde: Zeitschrift fur interdisziplinaere Fortbildung 2003;22(2):85-92. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1624375] - DOI
    1. Lehmkuhl G. Placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial on the efficacy of sustained-release methylphenidate in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Phase III. Integrated Final Report. Institut für medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Trial no 6520-9979-02, 1-9 2002.
    1. Sinzig J, Döpfner M, Lehmkuhl G, Uebel H, Schmeck K, Poustka F, et al. Long-acting methylphenidate has an effect on aggressive behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2007;17(4):421-32. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2007.0011] - DOI - PubMed
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Lijffijt 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lijffijt M, Kenemans JL, Ter Wal A, Quik EH, Kemner C, Westenberg H, et al. Dose-related effect of methylphenidate on stopping and changing in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Psychiatry 2006;21(8):544-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.003] - DOI - PubMed
Lin 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lin DY, Kratochvil CJ, Xu W, Jin L, D'Souza DN, Kielbasa W, et al. A randomized trial of edivoxetine in pediatric patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2014;24(4):190-200. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2013.0043] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT00922636. A study of pediatric patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [A fixed-dose, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of LY2216684 in pediatric patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00922636 (first received 17 June 2009).
Lopez 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lopez F, Silva R, Pestreich L, Muniz R. Comparative efficacy of two once daily methylphenidate formulations (Ritalin® LA™ 1 and Concerta ®) and placebo in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder across the school day. Paediatric Drugs 2003;5(8):545-55. [DOI: 10.2165/00148581-200305080-00005] - DOI - PubMed
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Lufi 1997 {published data only}
    1. Lufi D, Parish-Plass J, Gai E. The effect of methylphenidate on the cognitive and personality functioning of ADHD children. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences 1997;34(3):200-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
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Lufi 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lufi D, Gai E. The effect of methylphenidate and placebo on eye-hand coordination functioning and handwriting of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurocase 2007;13(5):334-41. [DOI: 10.1080/13554790701851486] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Manos 1999 {published data only}
    1. Faraone SV, Short EJ, Biederman J, Findling RL, Roe C, Manos MJ. Efficacy of Adderall and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a drug-placebo and drug-drug response curve analysis of a naturalistic study. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;5(2):121-9. [DOI: 10.1017/S1461145702002845] - DOI - PubMed
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Martins 2004 {published data only}
    1. Martins S, Tramontina S, Polanczyk G, Eizirik M, Swanson JM, Rohde LA. Weekend holidays during methylphenidate use in ADHD children: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2004;14(2):195-206. [DOI: 10.1089/1044546041649066] - DOI - PubMed
Matthijssen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Matthijssen A-FM, Dietrich A, Bierens M, Deters RK, Van De Loo-Neus GH, Van Den Hoofdakker BJ, et al. Continued benefits of methylphenidate in ADHD after 2 years in clinical practice: a randomized placebo-controlled discontinuation study. American Journal of Psychiatry 2019;176(9):754-62. [DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18111296] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
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McBride 1988a {published data only}
    1. McBride MC. An individual double-blind crossover trial for assessing methylphenidate response in children with attention deficit disorder. Journal of Pediatrics 1988;113(1 Pt 1):137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3476(88)80548-1] - DOI - PubMed
McCracken 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bilder RM, Loo SK, McGough JJ, Whelan F, Helleman G, Sugar C, et al. Cognitive effects of stimulant, guanfacine, and combined treatment in child and adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2016;79(9 Suppl 1):158S. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.03.1054] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bilder RM, Loo SK, McGough JJ, Whelan F, Hellemann G, Sugar C, et al. Cognitive effects of stimulant, guanfacine, and combined treatment in child and adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2016;55(8):667-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.016] [PMCID: PMC4964604] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Loo SK, Bilder RM, Cho AL, Sturm A, Cowen J, Walshaw P, et al. Effects of d-methylphenidate, guanfacine, and their combination on electroencephalogram resting state spectral power in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2016;55(8):674-82.E1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.04.020] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Loo SK, Levitt J, Del'Homme M, Cowen J, et al. Combined stimulant and guanfacine administration in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled, comparative study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2016;55(8):657-66.E1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.015] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. McCracken JT. AACAP Elaine Schlosser Lewis award for research on attention-deficit disorder: can we improve treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2017;56(Suppl 10):S130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.09.005] - DOI
McGough 2006 {published data only}
    1. McGough JJ, Wigal SB, Abikoff H, Turnbow JM, Posner K, Moon E. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, laboratory classroom assessment of methylphenidate transdermal system in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2006;9(3):476-85. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054705284089] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00466791. Classroom study to assess efficacy and safety of MTS in pediatric patients aged 6-12 with ADHD [A phase II, randomized, double-blind, multi-center, placebo-controlled, dose optimization, analog classroom, crossover study designed to assess the time course of treatment effect, tolerability and safety of methylphenidate transdermal system (MTS) in pediatric patients aged 6-12 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00466791 (first received 27 April 2007).
    1. Wigal S, Turnbow J, Abikoff H, McGough J, Cohen J. Parent rated effects of transdermal methylphenidate in children with ADHD. In: International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. Abstracts from the XXVI Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum; 2008 July 13-17; Munich. Vol. 11 Suppl 1. 2008:232. [DOI: 10.1017/S1461145708009462] - DOI
McInnes 2007 {published data only}
    1. McInnes A, Bedard A-C, Hogg-Johnson S, Tannock R. Preliminary evidence of beneficial effects of methylphenidate on listening comprehension in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2007;17(1):35-49. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2006.0051] - DOI - PubMed
Merrill 2021 {published data only}
    1. Merrill BM, Raiker JS, Evans SW, Gnagy EM, Pelham Jr WE. Cognitive mechanisms of methylphenidate in ADHD: Do improvements in sustained attention mediate behavioral improvements in the natural environment? Child Neuropsychology 2021;27(4):425-46. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2020.1862074] - DOI - PubMed
Moshe 2012 {published data only}
    1. Moshe K, Karni A, Tirosh E. Anxiety and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-drug trial. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders 2012;4(3):153-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-012-0078-2] - DOI - PubMed
Muniz 2008 {published data only}
    1. Muniz R, Brams M, Mao A, McCague K, Pestreich L, Silva R. Efficacy and safety of extended-release dexmethylphenidate compared with d,l-methylphenidate and placebo in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 12-hour laboratory classroom study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2008;18(3):248-56. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2007.0015] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Silva R, Muniz R, McCague K, Childress A, Brams M, Mao A. Treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, crossover study of extended-release dexmethylphenidate and D,L-methylphenidate and placebo in a laboratory classroom setting. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 2008;41(1):19-33. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Murray 2011 {published data only}
    1. Armstrong RB, Damaraju CV, Ascher S, Schwarzman L, O'Neill J, Starr HL. Time course of treatment effect of OROS ® methylphenidate in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2012;16(8):697-705. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054711425772] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Murray DW, Childress A, Giblin J, Williamson D, Armstrong R, Starr HL. Effects of OROS methylphenidate on academic, behavioral, and cognitive tasks in children 9 to 12 years of age with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Pediatrics 2011;50(4):308-20. [DOI: 10.1177/0009922810394832] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00799487. CONCERTA lab school study [Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study evaluating the academic, behavioral and cognitive effects of Concerta on older children with ADHD (The ABC Study)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00799487 (first received 1 December 2008).
Musten 1997 {published data only}
    1. Firestone P, Musten LM, Pisterman S, Mercer J, Bennett S. Short-term side effects of stimulant medication are increased in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1998;8(1):13-25. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.1998.8.13] - DOI - PubMed
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NCT00409708 {published data only}
    1. NCT00409708. Effects of methylphenidate on cellular abnormalities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [An open-label, behavioral-treatment-controlled evaluation of the effects of extended release methylphenidate on the frequency of cytogenetic abnormalities in children 6-12 years of age with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00409708 (first received 11 December 2006).
NCT02039908 {published data only}
    1. NCT02039908. Examining tolerance to CNS stimulants in ADHD. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02039908 (first received 20 January 2014).
    1. NCT02039908. Examining tolerance to CNS stimulants in ADHD: study protocol and statistical analysis plan; 22 January 2013. clinicaltrials.gov/ProvidedDocs/08/NCT02039908/Prot_SAP_000.pdf.
NCT02293655 {published data only}
    1. NCT02293655. The effects of ADHD medication (TEAM) study (TEAM) [The effects of ADHD medication (team) study: neurobehavioral effects of abrupt methylphenidate discontinuation]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02293655 February 2022.
NCT02536105 {published data only}
    1. NCT02536105. PK/PD pediactric ADHD classroom study [Pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic studies of methylphenidate extended release products in pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02536105 (first received 31 August 2015).
Newcorn 2008 {published data only}
    1. Newcorn JH, Kratochvil CJ, Allen AJ, Casat CD, Ruff DD, Moore RJ, et al. Atomoxetine and osmotically released methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: acute comparison and differential response. American Journal of Psychiatry 2008;165(6):721-30. [DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.05091676] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Newcorn JH, Kratochvil CJ, Allen AJ. Osmotically released methylphenidate compared to atomoxetine for ADHD. Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2008;10(8):1. [DOI: 10.1002/cpu.20073] - DOI
    1. Toplak ME. Osmotically released methylphenidate is more effective than atomoxetine in children and adolescents with ADHD. Evidence-Based Mental Health 2009;12(1):19. [DOI: 10.1136/ebmh.12.1.19] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Newcorn 2017a (flexible dose) {published data only}
    1. NCT01552915. Effectiveness of Vyvanse compared to Concerta in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [A phase 4, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group, active-controlled, dose-optimization safety and efficacy study of SPD489 (Vyvanse®) compared with OROS-MPH (Concerta®) with a placebo reference arm, in adolescents aged 13-17 years with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01552915 (first received 13 March 2012).
    1. Newcorn JH, Nagy P, Childress AC, Frick G, Yan B, Pliszka S. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled acute comparator trials of lisdexamfetamine and extended-release methylphenidate in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 2017;31(11):999-1014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0468-2] [PMCID: PMC5730627] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Newcorn 2017b (forced dose) {published data only}
    1. NCT01552902. Effectiveness of Vyvanse compared to Concerta in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [A phase 4, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, parallel-group, active-controlled, forced-dose titration, safety and efficacy study of SPD489 (Vyvanse®) compared with OROS-MPH (Concerta®) with a placebo reference arm, in adolescents aged 13-17 years with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01552902 (first received 13 March 2012).
    1. Newcorn JH, Nagy P, Childress AC, Frick G, Yan B, Pliszka S. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled acute comparator trials of lisdexamfetamine and extended-release methylphenidate in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CNS drugs 2017;31(11):999-1014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0468-2] [PMCID: PMC5730627] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Nikles 2006 {published data only}
    1. Nikles CJ, Mitchell GK, Del Mar CB, Clavarino A, McNairn N. An n-of-1 trial service in clinical practice: testing the effectiveness of stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2006;117(6):2040-6. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-1328] - DOI - PubMed
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Oesterheld 1998 {published data only}
    1. Oesterheld JR, Kofoed L, Tervo R, Fogas B, Wilson A, Fiechtner H. Effectiveness of methylphenidate in Native American children with fetal alcohol syndrome and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled pilot study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1998;8(1):39-48. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.1998.8.39] - DOI - PubMed
Overtoom 2003 {published data only}
    1. Overtoom CC, Verbaten MN, Kemner C, Kenemans JL, Van Engeland H, Buitelaar JK, et al. Effects of methylphenidate, desipramine, and L-dopa on attention and inhibition in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behavioural Brain Research 2003;145(1-2):7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/S0166-4328(03)00097-4] - DOI - PubMed
Palumbo 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cannon M, Pelham WH, Sallee FR, Palumbo DR, Bukstein O, Daviss WB. Effects of clonidine and methylphenidate on family quality of life in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2009;19(5):511-7. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2009.0008] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Daviss WB, Patel NC, Robb AS, McDermott MP, Bukstein OG, Pelham WE, et al. Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: II. ECG changes and adverse events analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(2):189-98. [DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e31815d9ae4] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00031395. Clonidine in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children [Clonidine in Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Treatment (CAT)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00031395 (first received 5 March 2002).
    1. Palumbo DR, Sallee FR, Pelham WE, Bukstein OG, Daviss WB, McDermott MP. Clonidine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: I. Efficacy and tolerability outcomes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(2):180-8. [DOI: 10.1097/chi.0b013e31815d9af7] - DOI - PubMed
Pearson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Methylphenidate dosing improved behavior in children with ASD. Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2013;15(8):4-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cpu.20193] - DOI
    1. NCT00178503. Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism in children [ADHD symptoms in autism: cognition, behavior, treatment]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00178503 (first received 15 September 2005).
    1. Pearson DA, Santos CW, Aman MG, Arnold LE, Casat CD, Mansour R, et al. Effects of extended release methylphenidate treatment on ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and associated behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders and ADHD symptoms. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2013;23(5):337-51. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2012.0096] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pearson DA, Santos CW, Aman MG, Arnold LE, Lane DM, Loveland KA, et al. Effects of extended-release methylphenidate treatment on cognitive task performance in children with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2020;30(7):414-26. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2020.0004] [PMCID: PMC7475091] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Pelham 1989 {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, Walker JL, Sturges J, Hoza J. Comparative effects of methylphenidate on ADD girls and ADD boys. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1989;28(5):773-6. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-198909000-00021] - DOI - PubMed
Pelham 1990a {published data only}
    1. Pelham Jr WE, Greenslade KE, Vodde-Hamilton M, Murphy DA, Greenstein JJ, Gnagy EM, et al. Relative efficacy of long-acting stimulants on children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of standard methylphenidate, sustained-release methylphenidate, sustained-release dextroamphetamine, and pemoline. Pediatrics 1990;86(2):226-37. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.86.2.226] - DOI - PubMed
Pelham 1993a {published data only}
    1. Pelham J, Carlson C, Sams SE, Vallano G, Dixon MJ, Hoza B, et al. Separate and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior modification on boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in the classroom. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1993;61(3):506-15. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.61.3.506] - DOI - PubMed
Pelham 1999 {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, Aronoff HR, Midlam JK, Shapiro CJ, Gnagy EM, Chronis AM, et al. A comparison of Ritalin and Adderall: efficacy and time-course in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 1999;103(4):e43. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.103.4.e43] - DOI - PubMed
Pelham 2001a {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Burrows-Maclean L, Williams A, Fabiano GA, Morrisey SM, et al. Once-a-day Concerta methylphenidate versus three-times-daily methylphenidate in laboratory and natural settings. Pediatrics 2001;107(6):E105. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.107.6.e105] - DOI - PubMed
Pelham 2002 {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, Hoza B, Pillow DR, Gnagy EM, Kipp HL, Greiner AR, et al. Effects of methylphenidate and expectancy on children with ADHD: behavior, academic performance, and attributions in a summer treatment program and regular classroom settings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2002;70(2):320-35. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.320] - DOI - PubMed
Pelham 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chacko A, Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Greiner A, Vallano G, Bukstein O, et al. Stimulant medication effects in a summer treatment program among young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005;44(3):249-57. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200503000-00009] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Pelham WE, Burrows-MacLean L, Gnagy EM, Fabiano GA, Coles EK, Tresco KE, et al. Transdermal methylphenidate, behavioral, and combined treatment for children with ADHD. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2005;13(2):111-26. [DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.13.2.111] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Pelham WE, Manos MJ, Ezzell CE, Tresco KE, Gnagy EM, Hoffman MT, et al. A dose-ranging study of a methylphenidate transdermal system in children with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2005;44(6):522-9. [DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000157548.48960.95] - DOI - PubMed
Pelham 2011 {published data only}
    1. Pelham WE, Waxmonsky JG, Schentag J, Ballow CH, Panahon CJ, Gnagy EM, et al. Efficacy of a methylphenidate transdermal system versus t.i.d. methylphenidate in a laboratory setting. Journal of Attention Disorders 2011;15(1):28-35. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054709359163] - DOI - PubMed
Pelham 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT00050622. Behavioral treatment, drug treatment, and combined treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [ADHD treatment: comparative and combined dosage effects]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00050622 (first received 17 December 2002).
    1. Pelham WE, Burrows-MacLean L, Gnagy EM, Fabiano GA, Coles EK, Wymbs BT, et al. A dose-ranging study of behavioral and pharmacological treatment in social settings for children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal and Child Psychology 2014;42(6):1019-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9843-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Perez‐Alvarez 2009 {published data only}
    1. Perez-Alvarez F, Serra-Amaya C, Timoneda-Gallart CA. Cognitive versus behavioral ADHD phenotype: what is it all about? Neuropediatrics 2009;40(1):32-8. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1231055] - DOI - PubMed
Pliszka 1990 {published data only}
    1. Pliszka SR. Effect of anxiety on cognition, behavior, and stimulant response in ADHD. In: Chess S, Hertzig ME, editors(s). Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development. London: Routledge, 1990:454-66. - PubMed
    1. Pliszka SR. Effect of anxiety on cognition, behavior, and stimulant response in ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1989;28(6):882-7. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-198911000-00012] - DOI - PubMed
Pliszka 2000 {published data only}
    1. Pliszka SR, Browne RG, Olvera RL, Wynne SK. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of Adderall and methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2000;39(5):619-26. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200005000-00016] - DOI - PubMed
Pliszka 2007 {published data only}
    1. NCT01069523. Electrophysiological effects of guanfacine extended release in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [Electrophysiological effects of guanfacine extended-release (GXR) on inhibitory control in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01069523 (first received 17 February 2010).
    1. Pliszka SR, Liotti M, Bailey BY, Perez R, Glahn D, Semrud-Clikeman M. Electrophysiological effects of stimulant treatment on inhibitory control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2007;17(3):356-66. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2006.0081] - DOI - PubMed
Pliszka 2017 {published data only}
    1. Arnold V, Pliszka S, Marraffino A, DeSousa N J, Incledon B, Sallee F R, et al. Efficacy and safety of HLD200 in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results from a pivotal phase 3 trial. CNS Spectrums 2017;22(1):103. [DOI: 10.1017/S1092852916000900] - DOI
    1. Arnold VK, DeSousa NJ, Incledon B, Sallee FR, Wilens TE, Newcorn JH, et al. Pivotal phase 3 trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of HLD200, a novel delayed-release and extended-release formulation of methylphenidate, in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2016;55(Suppl 10):S170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.218] - DOI
    1. DeSousa N, Pliszka S, Wilens T, Childress A, Sallee R, Incledon B. Improvement in functional impairment during the early morning and late afternoon/evening bookends of the day: data from two phase 3 trials of evening-dosed delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate in children with ADHD. Pediatrics 2020;146(1):590. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.146.1MA7.590a] - DOI
    1. López FA, Faraone SV, Newcorn JH, Doll HA, Rhoten S, Lewis HB, et al. Effect of delayed-release and extended-release methylphenidate on caregiver strain and validation of psychometric properties of the Caregiver Strain Questionnaire: results from a phase 3 trial in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2021;31(3):179-86. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2020.0159] [PMCID: PMC8066344] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. NCT02520388. A pivotal efficacy trial to evaluate HLD200 in children with ADHD in a naturalistic setting [Ph 3 multicenter DBRCT parallel group study to evaluate safety & efficacy of evening-dosed HLD200, a novel delayed & extended release formulation (DELEXIS) of MPH HCL, on post-waking, early morning function in children aged 6-12 with ADHD]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02520388 (first received 11 August 2015).
Quinn 2004 {published data only}
    1. Quinn D, Wigal S, Swanson J, Hirsch S, Ottolini Y, Dariani M, et al. Comparative pharmacodynamics and plasma concentrations of d-threo-methylphenidate hydrochloride after single doses of d-threo-methylphenidate hydrochloride and d,l-threo-methylphenidate hydrochloride in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover laboratory school study in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;43(11):1422-9. [DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000140455.96946.2b] - DOI - PubMed
Ramtvedt 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT01220440. Comparing the efficacy of methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine and placebo in children diagnosed with ADHD. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01220440 (first received 14 October 2010).
    1. Ramtvedt BE, Aabech HS, Sundet K. Minimizing adverse events while maintaining clinical improvement in a pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder crossover trial with dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2014;24(3):130-9. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2013.0114] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Ramtvedt BE, Sundet K. Relationships between computer-based testing and behavioral ratings in the assessment of attention and activity in a pediatric ADHD stimulant crossover trial. Clinical Neuropsychologist 2014;28(7):1146-61. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2014.960453] - DOI - PubMed
Rapport 1985 {published data only}
    1. Rapport MD, DuPaul GJ, Stoner G, Birmingham BK, Masse G. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: differential effects of methylphenidate on impulsivity. Pediatrics 1985;76(6):938-43. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.76.6.938] - DOI - PubMed
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Rapport 1987 {published data only}
    1. Denney CB, Rapport MD. Predicting methylphenidate response in children with ADHD: theoretical, empirical, and conceptual models. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1999;38(4):393-401. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199904000-00011] - DOI - PubMed
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Rapport 2008 {published data only}
    1. Rapport MD, Kofler MJ, Coiro MM, Raiker JS, Sarver DE, Alderson RM. Unexpected effects of methylphenidate in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder reflect decreases in core/secondary symptoms and physical complaints common to all children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2008;18(3):237-47. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2007.0140] - DOI - PubMed
Reitman 2001 {published data only}
    1. Reitman D, Hupp SD, O'Callaghan PM, Gulley V, Northup J. The influence of a token economy and methylphenidate on attentive and disruptive behavior during sports with ADHD-diagnosed children. Behavior Modification 2001;25(2):305-23. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445501252007] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Riggs 2011 {published data only}
    1. NCT00264797. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents with substance use disorders (SUD) [Randomized controlled trial of osmotic-release methylphenidate (OROS-MPH) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adolescents with substance use disorders (SUD)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00264797 (first received 13 December 2005).
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    1. Riggs PD, Winhusen T, Davies RD, Leimberger JD, Mikulich-Gilbertson S, Klein C, et al. Randomized controlled trial of osmotic-release methylphenidate with cognitive-behavioral therapy in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2011;50(9):903-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.010] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Rubinsten 2008 {published data only}
    1. Rubinsten O, Bedard A-C, Tannock R. Methylphenidate has differential effects on numerical abilities in ADHD children with and without co-morbid mathematical difficulties. Open Psychology Journal 2008;1:11-7. [DOI: 10.2174/1874350100801010011] - DOI
Samuels 2006 {published data only}
    1. Samuels JA, Franco K, Wan F, Sorof JM. Effect of stimulants on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in children with ADHD: a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial. Pediatric Nephrology 2006;21(1):92-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00467-005-2051-1] - DOI - PubMed
Schachar 1997a {published data only}
    1. Charach A, Figueroa M, Chen S, Ickowicz A, Schachar R. Stimulant treatment over 5 years: effects on growth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2006;45(4):415-21. [DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000199026.91699.20] - DOI - PubMed
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Schachar 2008 {published data only}
    1. Schachar R, Ickowicz A, Crosbie J, Donnelly GAE, Reiz JL, Miceli PC, et al. Cognitive and behavioral effects of multilayer-release methylphenidate in the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2008;18(1):11-24. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2007.0039] - DOI - PubMed
Schrantee 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bottelier MA, Schouw ML, Klomp A, Tamminga HG, Schrantee AG, Bouziane C, et al. The effects of psychotropic drugs on developing brain (ePOD) study: methods and design. BMC Psychiatry 2014;14:48. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-48] [PMCID: PMC3930821] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Schulz 2010 {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2006-006441-14-DE. A randomized, rater-blinded cross-over multicenter study comparing the clinical efficacy of Ritalin® LA (methylphenidate) treatment (20 or 40 mg orally o.d.) in children with ADHD under different breakfast conditions over two weeks. trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2006-006441-14-DE (first received 9 March 2007).
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Schwartz 2004 {published data only}
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Silva 2006 {published data only}
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    1. Evans SW, Pelham WE, Smith BH, Bukstein O, Gnagy EM, Greiner AR, et al. Dose-response effects of methylphenidate on ecologically valid measures of academic performance and classroom behavior in adolescents with ADHD. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 2001;9(2):163-75. [DOI: 10.1037/1064-1297.9.2.163] - DOI - PubMed
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Smithee 1998 {published data only}
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Soleimani 2017 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201107071483N2. Methylphenidate effect on fine motor skills of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [Evaluation of methylphenidate’s effect on motor skills disorder in children with ADHD and developmental coordination disorder referred to Shafa hospital, Rasht 1390]. en.irct.ir/trial/763 (first received 13 July 2011).
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Swanson 1998 {published data only}
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Swanson 2002b {published data only}
    1. Swanson J, Gupta S, Lam A, Shoulson I, Lerner M, Modi N, et al. Development of a new once-a-day formulation of methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: proof-of-concept and proof-of-product studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 2003;60(2):204-11. [DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.204] - DOI - PubMed
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Swanson 2004b {published data only}
    1. NCT00381758. The COMACS Study: a comparison of methylphenidates in an analog classroom setting [A randomized, double-blind comparison of the time course of response to two extended-release oral delivery systems for methylphenidate in pediatric patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in an analog classroom setting: The Comacs Study]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00381758 (first received 28 September 2006).
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Wallace 1994 {published data only}
    1. Wallace AE, Kofoed LL. Statistical analysis of single case studies in the clinical setting: the example of methylphenidate trials in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1994;4(3):141-50. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.1994.4.141] - DOI
Wallander 1987 {published data only}
    1. Wallander JL, Schroeder SR, Michelli JA, Gualtieri CT. Classroom social interactions of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity children as a function of stimulant medication. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1987;12(1):61-76. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/12.1.61] - DOI - PubMed
Waxmonsky 2008 {published data only}
    1. NCT00050622. Behavioral treatment, drug treatment, and combined treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [ADHD treatment: comparative and combined dosage effects]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00050622 (first received 17 December 2002).
    1. Waxmonsky J, Pelham WE, Gnagy E, Cummings MR, O'Connor B, Majumdar A, et al. The efficacy and tolerability of methylphenidate and behavior modification in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and severe mood dysregulation. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2008;18(6):573-88. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2008.065] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Weiss 2021 {published data only}
    1. Kollins SH, Cutler AJ, Khattak S, Weiss MD, Donnelly G, Reiz JL. A six-month, open-label, multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of PRC-063 in adolescents with ADHD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2016;55(Suppl 10):S217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.361] - DOI
    1. Kollins SH, Cutler AJ, Khattak S, Weiss MD, Donnelly G, Reiz SJ. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter study measuring the efficacy and safety of a novel, extended-release formulation of methylphenidate (PRC-063) in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2016;55(Suppl 10):S217-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.362] - DOI
    1. NCT02139111. PRC-063 in adolescent ADHD [A phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm, multi-center study measuring the efficacy and safety of PRC-063 in adolescent ADHD patients]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02139111 (first received 15 May 2014).
    1. Quinn D, Donnelly GA, Reiz J. Effect of PRC-063 on executive functioning in adolescents with ADHD in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center study with a six-month open label extension. ADHD Learning 2016.
    1. Weiss MD, Cutler AJ, Kollins SH, Donnely GA. Efficacy and safety of a long-acting multilayer-release methylphenidate formulation (PRC-063) in the treatment of adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial with a 6-month open-label extension. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2021;31(9):610-22. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2021.0034] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Whalen 1990 {published data only}
    1. Whalen CK, Henker B, Granger DA. Ratings of medication effects in hyperactive children: viable or vulnerable? Behavioral Assessment 1989;11(2):179-99. [URL: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1989-40814-001 (accessed 21/09/22)]
    1. Whalen CK, Henker B, Granger DA. Social judgment processes in hyperactive boys: effects of methylphenidate and comparisons with normal peers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1990;18(3):297-316. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00916567] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Whalen CK, Henker B, Hinshaw SP, Granger DA. Externalizing behavior disorders, situational generality, and the type A behavior pattern. Child Development 1989;60(6):1453-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1989.tb04016.x] - DOI - PubMed
Wigal 2003 {published data only}
    1. Wigal SB, Sanchez DY, DeCory HH, D'Imperio JM, Swanson JM. Selection of the optimal dose ratio for a controlled-delivery formulation of methylphenidate. Journal of Applied Research 2003;3(1):46-63. [URL: http://www.jarcet.com/articles/Vol3Iss1/DECORY.htm]
Wigal 2004 {published data only}
    1. Wigal S, Swanson JM, Feifel D, Sangal RB, Elia J, Casat CD, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride and d,l-threo-methylphenidate hydrochloride in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;43(11):1406-14. [DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000138351.98604.92] - DOI - PubMed
Wigal 2011 {published data only}
    1. Armstrong RB, Damaraju CV, Ascher S, Schwarzman L, O'Neill J, Starr HL. Time course of treatment effect of OROS® methylphenidate in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2012;16(8):697-705. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054711425772] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Significant effect of OROS MPH ER on attention. Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2010;12(1):7-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cpu.20107] - DOI
    1. Wigal SB, Wigal T, Schuck S, Brams M, Williamson D, Armstrong RB, et al. Academic, behavioral, and cognitive effects of OROS ® methylphenidate on older children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2011;21(2):121-31. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2010.0047] [PMCID: PMC3080768] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Williamson D, Murray DW, Damaraju CV, Ascher S, Starr HL. Methylphenidate in children with ADHD with or without learning disability. Journal of Attention Disorders 2014;18(2):95-104. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054712443411] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Wigal 2013 {published data only}
    1. Liquid version of methylphenidate shows efficacy in school trial. Brown University Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update 2013;15(3):1; 2-3. [DOI: 10.1002/cpu.20183] - DOI
    1. NCT00904670. Quillivant oral suspension (Quillivant XR) in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [NWP06 in the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)- a laboratory classroom study]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00904670 (first received 20 May 2009).
    1. Palumbo DR, Belden HW, Berry SA. Methylphenidate extended-release oral suspension (MEROS) improves ADHD-rating scale and permanent product measure of performance scores in children with ADHD. Annals of Neurology 2015;78(Suppl 19):166. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24477] - DOI
    1. Robb AS, Findling RL, Childress AC, Berry SA, Belden HW, Wigal SB. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a novel methylphenidate extended-release oral suspension (MEROS) in ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2017;21(14):1180-91. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054714533191] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wigal SB, Childress AC, Belden HW, Berry SA. NWP06, an extended-release oral suspension of methylphenidate, improved attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms compared with placebo in a laboratory classroom study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2013;23(1):3-10. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2012.0073] [PMCID: PMC3696913] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wigal 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT01269463. Time course of response to methylphenidate HCL ER capsules in children 6 to 12 years with ADHD in classroom setting [A randomized, double-blind study of the time course of response to biphentin methylphenidate hydrochloride ER capsules compared to placebo in children 6 to 12 years with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in analog classroom setting]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01269463 (first received 4 January 2011).
    1. Owens J, Weiss M, Nordbrock E, Mattingly G, Wigal S, Greenhill LL, et al. Effect of aptensio XR (methylphenidate HCL extended-release) capsules on sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2016;26(10):873-81. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0083] [PMCID: PMC5178023] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wigal SB, Greenhill LL, Nordbrock E, Connor DF, Kollins SH, Adjei A, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study evaluating the time course of response to methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release capsules in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2014;24(10):562-9. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2014.0100] [PMCID: PMC4268556] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wigal 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT01239030. Efficacy and safety of methylphenidate HCl ER capsules in children and adolescents with ADHD [A randomized, parallel, double-blind efficacy and safety study of biphentin methylphenidate HCL extended release capsules compared to placebo in children and adolescents 6 to 18 years with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01239030 (first received 11 November 2010).
    1. Owens J, Weiss M, Nordbrock E, Mattingly G, Wigal S, Greenhill LL, et al. Effect of Aptensio XR (methylphenidate HCl extended-release) capsules on sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2016;26(10):873-81. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0083] [PMCID: PMC5178023] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weiss M, Childress A, Nordbrock E, Adjei AL, Kupper RJ, Mattingly G. Characteristics of ADHD symptom response/remission in a clinical trial of methylphenidate extended release. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2019;8(4):461. [DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040461] [PMCID: PMC6517933] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wigal SB, Adjei AL, Childress A, Chang WW, Kupper RJ. A study of methylphenidate extended-release capsules in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled protocol in children and adolescents with ADHD. CNS Spectrums 2015;20(1):67-8. [DOI: 10.1017/S1092852914000765] - DOI
    1. Wigal SB, Nordbrock E, Adjei AL, Childress A, Kupper RJ, Greenhill L. Efficacy of methylphenidate hydrochloride extended-release capsules (Aptensio XRTM) in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a phase III, randomized, double-blind study. CNS drugs 2015;29(4):331-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0241-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wigal 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT01654250. NWP09 in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [A multicenter, dose-optimized, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of NWP09 in pediatric patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a laboratory classroom]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01654250 (first received 31 July 2012).
    1. Wigal SB, Childress A, Berry SA, Belden H, Walters F, Chappell P, et al. Efficacy and safety of a chewable methylphenidate extended-release tablet in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2017;27(8):690-9. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0177] [PMCID: PMC5651935] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wigal SB, Childress AC, Berry S, Belden H, Chappell PB, Wajsbrot D, et al. Efficacy of methylphenidate extendedrelease chewable tablets in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: open-label, dose-optimization period outcomes. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2016;55(Suppl 10):164-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2016.09.202] - DOI
Wilens 2006b {published data only}
    1. Biederman J. Effectiveness and safety of the once-daily OROS formulation of methylphenidate in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;13 (Suppl 4):S448. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(03)92351-0] - DOI
    1. Greenhill LL. Safety and efficacy of OROS MPH in adolescents with ADHD. In: 156th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2003 May 17-22; San Francisco, CA. San Francisco, 2003:16. [URL: https://www.psychiatry.org/getattachment/b3a019bd-6525-4640-a69e-ed330bf... (accessed 21/09/22)]
    1. McGough JJ, McBurnett K, Bukstein O, Wilens TE, Greenhill L, Lerner M, et al. Once-daily OROS methylphenidate is safe and well tolerated in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2006;16(3):351-6. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2006.16.351] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00249353. An effectiveness and safety study of Concerta® (methylphenidate hydrochloride) in the treatment of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [An evaluation of the safety and effectiveness of Concerta® (methylphenidate hydrochloride), up to 72 mg daily, in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00249353 (first received 7 November 2005).
    1. Newcorn JH, Stein MA, Cooper KM. Dose-response characteristics in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with OROS methylphenidate in a 4-week, open-label, dose-titration study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2010;20(3):187-96. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2009.0102] - DOI - PubMed
Wilens 2008 {published data only}
    1. López FA, Landgraf JM, Wilens TE. Quality of life and parent satisfaction with the methylphenidate transdermal system. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;18(Suppl 4):S562. [DOI: 10.1016/S0924-977X(08)70856-3] - DOI
    1. López FA, Wilens TE, Wigal SB, Turnbow JM. Effects of variable wear times on transdermal methylphenidate in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2008;18(Suppl 4):S561-2. [DOI: 10.1016/S0924-977X(08)70855-1] - DOI
    1. Manos M, Frazier TW, Landgraf JM, Weiss M, Hodgkins P. HRQL and medication satisfaction in children with ADHD treated with the methylphenidate transdermal system. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2009;25(12):3001-10. [DOI: 10.1185/03007990903388797] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT00151970. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of SPD485 in children aged 6-12 diagnosed with ADHD [A phase IIb, randomized, double-blind, multi-center, placebo-controlled, dose-optimization, 3-way cross-over, analog classroom study to assess the efficacy, duration of effect, tolerability and safety of 4- and 6-hour wear times of methylphenidate transdermal system (MYS) in pediatric subjects aged 6-12 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00151970 (first received 9 September 2005).
    1. Wilens TE, Boellner SW, López FA, Turnbow JM, Wigal SB, Childress AC, et al. Varying the wear time of the methylphenidate transdermal system in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008;47(6):700-8. [DOI: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816bffdf] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Wilens 2010 {published data only}
    1. NCT00586157. Study of medication patch to treat children ages 6-12 with ADHD [Efficacy and safety/tolerability of methylphenidate transdermal system (MTS) for before-school dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00586157 (first received 4 January 2008).
    1. Wilens T, Hammerness P, Utzinger L, Georgiopoulos A, Doyle R, Brodziak K, et al. Before-school ADHD symptoms and functioning in youth treated with the methylphenidate transdermal patch (MTS). Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2009;19(6):785-6. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2009.1963] - DOI
    1. Wilens TE, Hammerness P, Martelon MK, Brodziak K, Utzinger L, Wong P. A controlled trial of the methylphenidate transdermal system on before-school functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2010;71(5):548-56. [DOI: 10.4088/JCP.09m05779pur] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Wilkison 1995 {published data only}
    1. Wilkison PC, Kircher JC, McMahon WM, Sloane HN. Effects of methylphenidate on reward strength in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1995;34(7):897-901. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199507000-00013] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Wodrich 1998 {published data only}
    1. Wodrich DL, Kush JC. The effect of methylphenidate on teachers' behavioral ratings in specific school situations. Psychology in the Schools 1998;35(1):81-8. [DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6807(199801)35:1<81::AID-PITS7>3.0.CO;2-X] - DOI
Wolraich 2001 {published data only}
    1. Greenhill LL. Efficacy and safety of once-daily methylphenidate HCl, standard methylphenidate and placebo in children with ADHD. In: 153rd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2000 May 13-18; Chicago, Illinois. Chicago, 2000:238. [URL: https://psychiatry.org/getattachment/e5c6e55e-e5cb-426a-af0b-396aee0f102... (accessed 21/09/22)]
    1. Greenhill LL. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Concerta (Methylphenidate HCI) extended-release tablets, Ritalin, and placebo in children with ADHD. Neurology 2000;54(7):A420-1. [WOS: 000086557801120]
    1. Swanson J, Greenhill L, Pelham W, Wilens T, Wolraich M, Abikoff H, et al. Initiating Concerta (TM) (OROS methylphenidate HCl) qd in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Research 2000;3:59-76. [URL: https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/initiating-concertatm-oros-methy... (accessed 21/09/22)]
    1. Wolraich ML, Greenhill LL, Pelham W, Swanson J, Wilens T, Palumbo D, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of OROS methylphenidate once a day in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2001;108(4):883-92. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.108.4.883] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wolraich ML. Efficacy and safety of OROS(R) methylphenidate HCl (MPH) extended-release tablets (CONCERTA (TM)), conventional MPH, and placebo in children with ADHD. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. Proceedings of the XXIIst CINP Congress; 2000 July 9-13; Brussels, Belgium 2000;3 Suppl 1:S329. [DOI: 10.1017/S1461145700009998] - DOI
Zeiner 1999 {published data only}
    1. Zeiner P, Bryhn G, Bjercke C, Truyen K, Strand G. Response to methylphenidate in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Paediatrica 1999;88(3):298-303. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1999.tb01100.x] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Zeiner P. Body growth and cardiovascular function after extended treatment (1.75 years) with methylphenidate in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1995;5(2):129-38. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.1995.5.129] - DOI
    1. Zeiner P. Do the beneficial effects of extended methylphenidate treatment in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder dissipate rapidly during placebo treatment? Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 1999;53(1):55-60. [DOI: 10.1080/080394899426738] - DOI
Zeni 2009 {published data only}
    1. NCT00305370. Aripiprazole associated with methylphenidate in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and ADHD [Aripiprazole associated with methylphenidate in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and ADHD: a randomized cross-over placebo controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00305370 (first received 21 March 2006).
    1. Zeni CP, Tramontina S, Ketzer CR, Pheula GF, Rohde LA. Methylphenidate combined with aripiprazole in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized crossover trial. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2009;19(5):553-61. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2009.0037] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

ACTRN12608000059369 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12608000059369. A structural and functional imaging research of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [Structural and functional imaging maps of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using magnetic resonance Imaging (MRI) scan of the brain and methylphenidate (MPH)]. anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12608000059369 (first received 30 January 2008).
An 2013 {published data only}
    1. An L, Cao X-H, Cao Q-J, Sun L, Yang L, Zou Q-H, et al. Methylphenidate normalizes resting-state brain dysfunction in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013;38(7):1287-95. [DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.27] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Anderson 2002 {published data only}
    1. Anderson CM, Polcari A, Lowen SB, Renshaw PF, Teicher MH. Effects of methylphenidate on functional magnetic resonance relaxometry of the cerebellar vermis in boys with ADHD. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002;159(8):1322-8. [DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1322] - DOI - PubMed
Barkley 1988a {published data only}
    1. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Newby RF, Breen MJ. Development of a multimethod clinical protocol for assessing stimulant drug response in children with attention deficit disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1988;17(1):14-24. [DOI: 10.1207/s15374424jccp1701_3] - DOI
Barkley 1997 {published data only}
    1. Barkley RA, Koplowitz S, Anderson T, McMurray MB. Sense of time in children with ADHD: effects of duration, distraction, and stimulant medication. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 1997;3(4):359-69. [DOI: 10.1017/S1355617797003597] - DOI - PubMed
Bart 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bart O, Daniel L, Dan O, Bar-Haim Y. Influence of methylphenidate on motor performance and attention in children with developmental coordination disorder and attention deficit hyperactive disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2013;34(6):1922-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.03.015] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bart O, Podoly T, Bar-Haim Y. A preliminary study on the effect of methylphenidate on motor performance in children with comorbid DCD and ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2010;31(6):1443-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.06.014] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Bedard 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bedard A-C, Ickowicz A, Tannock R. Methylphenidate improves Stroop naming speed, but not response interference, in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2002;12(4):301-9. [DOI: 10.1089/104454602762599844] - DOI - PubMed
Bedard 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bedard A-C, Ickowicz A, Logan GD, Hogg-Johnson S, Schachar R, Tannock R. Selective inhibition in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder off and on stimulant medication. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2003;31(3):315-27. [DOI: 10.1023/A:1023285614844] - DOI - PubMed
Bedard 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bedard A-C, Martinussen R, Ickowicz A, Tannock R. Methylphenidate improves visual-spatial memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2004;43(3):260-8. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-200403000-00006] - DOI - PubMed
Bedard 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bedard A-C, Jain U, Hogg Johnson S, Tannock R. Effects of methylphenidate on working memory components: influence of measurement. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2007;48(9):872-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01760.x] - DOI - PubMed
Beery 1994 {published data only}
    1. Beery SH. Behavioral disinhibition, anxiety, and response to methylphenidate and behavior management in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 1994;56(2-B):1096. [PROQUEST: 9519723]
Beery 2017 {published data only}
    1. Beery SH, Quay HC, Pelham WE Jr. Differential response to methylphenidate in inattentive and combined subtype ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders 2017;21(1):62-70. [DOI: 10.1177/1087054712469256] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Ben‐Pazi 2006 {published data only}
    1. Ben-Pazi H, Shalev RS, Gross-Tsur V, Bergman H. Age and medication effects on rhythmic responses in ADHD: possible oscillatory mechanisms? Neuropsychologia 2006;44(3):412-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.05.022] - DOI - PubMed
Bental 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bental B, Tirosh E. The effects of methylphenidate on word decoding accuracy in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2008;28(1):89-92. [DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181603f0e] - DOI - PubMed
Beyer 2014 {published data only}
    1. Beyer von Morgenstern S, Becker I, Sinzig J. Improvement of facial affect recognition in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder under methylphenidate. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 2014;26(4):202-8. [DOI: 10.1017/neu.2013.55] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Bouziane 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bouziane C, Filatova OG, Schrantee A, Caan MW, Vos FM, Reneman L. White matter by diffusion MRI following methylphenidate treatment: a randomized control trial in males with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Radiology 2019;293(1):186-92. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019182528] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Brown 1984b {published data only}
    1. Brown RT, Wynne ME. Sustained attention in boys with attention deficit disorder and the effect of methylphenidate. Pediatric Nursing 1984;10(1):35-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Buhrmester 1992 {published data only}
    1. Buhrmester D, Whalen CK, Henker B, MacDonald V, Hinshaw SP. Prosocial behavior in hyperactive boys: effects of stimulant medication and comparison with normal boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1992;20(1):103-21. [DOI: 10.1007/BF00927119] - DOI - PubMed
Campbell 1996 {published data only}
    1. Campbell L, Malone MA, Kershner JR, Roberts W, Humphries T, Logan WJ. Methylphenidate slows right hemisphere processing in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1996;6(4):229-39. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.1996.6.229] - DOI - PubMed
Carlson 1991 {published data only}
    1. Carlson CL, Pelham WE Jr, Swanson JM, Wagner JL. A divided attention analysis of the effects of methylphenidate on the arithmetic performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 1991;32(3):463-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00324.x] - DOI - PubMed
Carlson 1992 {published data only}
    1. Carlson CL, Pelham WE Jr, Milich R, Dixon J. Single and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior therapy on the classroom performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1992;20(2):213-32. [DOI: 10.1007/BF00916549] - DOI - PubMed
Cohen 2020 {published data only}
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Cox 2004b {published data only}
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Ishii‐Takahashi 2015 {published data only}
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JPRN‐UMIN000027533 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000027533. A research for the effect of the treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging. upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000031550 (first received 1 June 2017).
King 2009a {published data only}
    1. King S, Waschbusch DA, Pelham WE, Frankland BW, Corkum PV, Jacques S. Subtypes of aggression in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: medication effects and comparison with typical children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 2009;38(5):619-29. [DOI: 10.1080/15374410903103619] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. King S, Waschbusch DA, Pelham WE Jr, Frankland BW, Andrade BF, Jacques S, et al. Social information processing in elementary-school aged children with ADHD: medication effects and comparisons with typical children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2009;37(4):579-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-008-9294-9] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Kobayashi M, Ikeda T, Tokuda T, Monden Y, Nagashima M, Mizushima SG, et al. Acute administration of methylphenidate differentially affects cortical processing of emotional facial expressions in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder children as studied by functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Neurophotonics 2020;7(2):025003. [DOI: 10.1117/1.NPh.7.2.025003] [PMCID: PMC7201297] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Lange 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lange KW, Tucha LT, Walitza S, Sontag TA, Stasik D, Linder M, et al. Effects of methylphenidate on multiple components of attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Neural Transmission. Abstracts of the 39th International Danube Symposium for Neurological Sciences and Continuing Education and 1st International Congress on ADHD, from Childhood to Adult Disease; 2007 June 2-5; Wurzburg, Germany 2007;114 (7):LXXV. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-007-0754-0] - DOI
Leitner 2007b {published data only}
    1. Leitner Y, Barak R, Giladi N, Peretz C, Eshel R, Gruendlinger L, et al. Gait in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of methylphenidate and dual tasking. Journal of Neurology 2007;254(10):1330-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0522-3] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
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Martin 2007 {published data only}
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    1. Mehta MA, Goodyer IM, Sahakian BJ. Methylphenidate improves working memory and set-shifting in AD/HD: relationships to baseline memory capacity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Alllied Disciplines 2004;45(2):293-305. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00221.x] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Merrill BM, Raiker JS, Mattfeld AT, Macphee FL, Ramos MC, Zhao X, et al. Mind-wandering and childhood ADHD: experimental manipulations across laboratory and naturalistic settings. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 2022;5:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00912-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Mizuno Y, Cai W, Spekar K, Makita K, Takiguchi S, Tomoda A, et al. Effects of methylphenidate on aberrant brain network dynamics in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Biological Psychiatry 2021;89:108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.02.278] - DOI
Morris 2022 {published data only}
    1. Morris SSj, Musser ED, Tenenbaum RB, Ward AR, Raiker JS, Coles EK. Methylphenidate improves autonomic functioning among youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 2022;50:591-603. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00870-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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NCT00778310 {published data only}
    1. NCT00778310. Neuroimaging of the effects of Concerta in the treatment of ADHD [Functional neuroimaging of acute Concerta treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): differences across development]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00778310 (first received 23 October 2008).
NCT02318017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02318017. Psychostimulants effects on brain functional connectivity in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [An electroencephalography study of the effects of psychostimulants on dynamic patterns of cognitive task-based functional connectivity in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02318017 (first received 17 December 2014).
NCT03788902 {published data only}
    1. NCT03788902. OT and social cognition in children with ADHD: impact of MPH [Oxytocin and social cognition in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of methylphenidate]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03788902 (first received 28 December 2018).
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    1. NCT04349917. Large-scale brain organization during cognitive control in ADHD. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04349917 (first received 16 April 2020).
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Ratzon 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ratzon NZ, Lunievsky EK, Ashkenasi A, Laks J, Cohen HA. Simulated driving skills evaluation of teenagers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder before driving lessons. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2017;71(3):7103220010p1-8. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2017.020164] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Richardson 1988 {published data only}
    1. Kupietz SS, Winsberg BG, Sverd J. Learning ability and methylphenidate (Ritalin(®)) plasma concentration in hyperkinetic children: a preliminary investigation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1982;21(1):27-30. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-198201000-00006] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Richardson E, Kupietz SS, Winsberg BG, Maitinsky S, Mendell N. Effects of methylphenidate dosage in hyperactive reading-disabled children: II. Reading achievement. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1988;27(1):78-87. [DOI: 10.1097/00004583-198801000-00012] - DOI - PubMed
Rubia 2003 {published data only}
    1. Rubia K, Noorloos J, Smith A, Gunning B, Sergeant J. Motor timing deficits in community and clinical boys with hyperactive behavior: the effect of methylphenidate on motor timing. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2003;31(3):301-13. [DOI: 10.1023/A:1023233630774] - DOI - PubMed
Rubinson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Rubinson M, Horowitz I, Naim-Feil J, Gothelf D, Levit-Binnun N, Moses E. Effects of methylphenidate on the ERP amplitude in youth with ADHD: a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over EEG study. PloS One 2019;14(5):e0217383. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217383] [PMCID: PMC6544236] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rubinson M, Horowitz I, Naim-Feil J, Gothelf D, Moses E, Levit-Binnun N. Electroencephalography functional networks reveal global effects of methylphenidate in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Brain Connectivity 2019;9(5):437-50. [DOI: 10.1089/brain.2018.0630] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Sangal 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sangal RB, Sangal JM. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: use of cognitive evoked potential (P300) to predict treatment response. Clinical Neurophysiology 2006;117(9):1996-2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.06.004] - DOI - PubMed
Silk 2012 {published data only}
    1. Silk T. Resting-state functional connectivity anomalies in ADHD and responses to methylphenidate medication. Brain Connectivity 2012;2(4):A128. [DOI: 10.1089/brain.2012.1500] - DOI
Silk 2014 {published data only}
    1. Silk TJ, Newman DP, Eramudugolla R, Vance A, Bellgrove MA. Influence of methylphenidate on spatial attention asymmetry in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): preliminary findings. Neuropsychologia 2014;56:178-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.01.015] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Silk 2017 {published data only}
    1. Silk TJ, Malpas C, Vance A, Bellgrove MA. The effect of single-dose methylphenidate on resting-state network functional connectivity in ADHD. Brain Imaging and Behavior 2017;11(5):1422-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9620-8] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Slama 2015 {published data only}
    1. Slama H, Fery P, Verheulpen D, Vanzeveren N, Van Bogaert P. Cognitive improvement of attention and inhibition in the late afternoon in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) treated with osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate. Journal of Child Neurology 2015;30(8):1000-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0883073814550498] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Smith 2013 {published data only}
    1. Smith A, Cubillo A, Barrett N, Giampietro V, Simmons A, Brammer M, et al. Neurofunctional effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder during time discrimination. Biological Psychiatry 2013;74(8):615-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.030] - DOI - PubMed
Solanto 1986 {published data only}
    1. Solanto MV. Behavioral effects of low-dose methylphenidate in childhood attention deficit disorder: implications for a mechanism of stimulant drug action. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1986;25(1):96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60604-X] - DOI - PubMed
Solanto 1997 {published data only}
    1. Solanto MV, Wender EH, Bartell SS. Effects of methylphenidate and behavioral contingencies on sustained attention in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a test of the reward dysfunction hypothesis. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 1997;7(2):123-36. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.1997.7.123] - DOI - PubMed
Srinivas 1992 {published data only}
    1. Srinivas NR, Hubbard JW, Quinn D, Midha KK. Enantioselective pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dl-threo-methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1992;52(5):561-8. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.1992.185] - DOI - PubMed
Strand 2012 {published data only}
    1. Strand MT, Hawk LW Jr, Bubnik M, Shiels K, Pelham WE Jr, Waxmonsky JG. Improving working memory in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the separate and combined effects of incentives and stimulant medication. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2012;40(7):1193-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-012-9627-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Stray 2009 {published data only}
    1. Stray LL, Stray T, Iversen S, Ruud A, Ellertsen B. Methylphenidate improves motor functions in children diagnosed with hyperkinetic disorder. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2009;5(21):1-12. [DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-21] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Sunohara 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sunohara GA, Voros JG, Malone MA, Taylor MJ. Effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a comparison of event-related potentials between medication responders and non-responders. International Journal of Psychophysiology 1997;27(1):9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(97)00746-0] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Sutoko 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sutoko S, Monden Y, Tokuda T, Ikeda T, Nagashima M, Kiguchi M, et al. Distinct methylphenidate-evoked response measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy during go/no-go task as a supporting differential diagnostic tool between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder comorbid children. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2019;13:7. [DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00007] [PMCID: PMC6375904] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Swanson 1993 {published data only}
    1. Swanson J, McBurnett K, Wigal T, Pfiffner LJ. Effect of stimulant medication on children with attention deficit disorder: a "review of reviews". Exceptional Children 1993;60(2):154-61. [DOI: 10.1177/001440299306000209] - DOI
Szobot 2003 {published data only}
    1. Szobot CM, Ketzer C, Cunha RD, Parente MA, Langleben DD, Acton PD, et al. The acute effect of methylphenidate on cerebral blood flow in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2003;30(3):423-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-002-1082-0] - DOI - PubMed
Tannock 2000 {published data only}
    1. Tannock R, Martinussen R, Frijters J. Naming speed performance and stimulant effects indicate effortful, semantic processing deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2000;28(3):237-52. [DOI: 10.1023/A:1005192220001] - DOI - PubMed
Teicher 2003 {published data only}
    1. Teicher MH, Polcari A, Anderson CM, Andersen SL, Lowen SB, Navalta CP. Rate dependency revisited: understanding the effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2003;13(1):41-51. [DOI: 10.1089/104454603321666180] - DOI - PubMed
Teicher 2006 {published data only}
    1. Teicher MH, Polcari A, Foley M, Valente E, McGreenery CE, Chang WW, et al. Methylphenidate blood levels and therapeutic response in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: I. Effects of different dosing regimens. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2006;16(4):416-31. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2006.16.416] - DOI - PubMed
Teicher 2007 {published data only}
    1. Teicher MH, Polcari A, McGreenery CE. Objective measures of activity and attention accurately identify methylphenidate doses associated with optimal clinical response in children with ADHD. Biological Psychiatry 2007;61(8 Suppl):66S. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.008] - DOI
    1. Teicher MH, Polcari A, McGreenery CE. Utility of objective measures of activity and attention in the assessment of therapeutic response to stimulants in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 2008;18(3):265-70. [DOI: 10.1089/cap.2007.0090] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tillery 2000 {published data only}
    1. Tillery KL, Katz J, Keller WD. Effects of methylphenidate (Ritalin) on auditory performance in children with attention and auditory processing disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2000;43(4):893-901. [DOI: 10.1044/jslhr.4304.893] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
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Trommer 1991 {published data only}
    1. Trommer BL, Hoeppner JA, Zecker SG. The go-no go test in attention deficit disorder is sensitive to methylphenidate. Journal of Child Neurology 1991;6(1 Suppl):S128-31. [DOI: 10.1177/0883073891006001S13] - DOI - PubMed
Tsang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tsang TW, Kohn MR, Clarke SD, Williams LM. Cognition and emotion in child and adolescent ADHD. Biological Psychiatry 2012;71(Suppl 8):74S. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.02.012] - DOI
Tucha 2006 {published data only}
    1. Tucha O, Prell S, Mecklinger L, Bormann-Kischkel C, Kübber S, Linder M, et al. Effects of methylphenidate on multiple components of attention in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychopharmacology 2006;185(3):315-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0318-2] - DOI - PubMed
Van den Driessche 2017 {published data only}
    1. Van den Driessche C, Bastian M, Peyre H, Stordeur C, Acquaviva E, Bahadori S, et al. Attentional lapses in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: blank rather than wandering thoughts. Psychological Science 2017;28(10):1375-86. [DOI: 10.1177/0956797617708234] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Van Lith 2018 {published data only}
    1. Van Lith K, Veltman DJ, Cohn MD, Pape LE, Van den Akker-Nijdam ME, Van Loon AW, et al. Effects of methylphenidate during fear learning in antisocial adolescents: a randomized controlled fMRI trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2018;57(12):934-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.06.026] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Verbaten MN, Overtoom CC, Koelega HS, Swaab-Barneveld H, Van der Gaag RJ, Buitelaar J, et al. Methylphenidate influences on both early and late ERP waves of ADHD children in a continuous performance test. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1994;22(5):561-78. [DOI: 10.1007/BF02168938] - DOI - PubMed
Waschbusch 2007 {published data only}
    1. Waschbusch DA, Craig R, Pelham WE Jr, King S. Self-handicapping prior to academic-oriented tasks in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): medication effects and comparisons with controls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2007;35(2):275-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-006-9085-0] - DOI - PubMed
Whalen 1987 {published data only}
    1. Whalen CK, Henker B, Swanson JM, Granger D, Kliewer W, Spencer J. Natural social behaviors in hyperactive children: dose effects of methylphenidate. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1987;55(2):187-93. [DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.55.2.187] - DOI - PubMed
Wong 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wong CG, Stevens MC. The effects of stimulant medication on working memory functional connectivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2012;71(5):458-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.011] [PMCID: PMC4120250] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wu Z, Hoogman M, Cao Q, An L, Yang L, Bralten J, et al. Laterality of activation patterns in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and effects of methylphenidate during verbal working memory task. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders 2015;7(Suppl 1):S36. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-015-0169-y] - DOI
    1. Wu Z-M, Bralten J, An L, Cao Q-J, Cao X-H, Sun L, et al. Verbal working memory-related functional connectivity alterations in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the effects of methylphenidate. Journal of Psychopharmacology 2017;31(8):1061-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0269881117715607] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed
Yarmolovsky 2017 {published data only}
    1. Yarmolovsky J, Szwarc T, Schwartz M, Tirosh E, Geva R. Hot executive control and response to a stimulant in a double-blind randomized trial in children with ADHD. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2017;267(1):73-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0683-8] [PMCID: PMC5253147] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Drtílková 1997 {published data only}
    1. Drtílková I, Mišurec J, Balaštíková B. Methylphenidate, amphetaminil and mesocarb in children with hyperkinetic disorder: predicting value changes the pharmo-EEG profile of psychostimulatory substances [Metylfenidat, amfetaminil a mesocarb u deti s hyperkinetickou poruchou: prediktivni hodnota zmen farmakologickeho EEG profilu psychostimulacnich latek]. Ceska a Slovenska Psychiatrie 1997;93(Suppl 3):44-53. [ISSN: 0069-2336]
Wang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wang G, Zhao H, Li Q, Wang S, Kong Y, Qu Y. Effect of methylphenidate hydrochloride controlled release tablets combined with jingling oral liquid in the treatment of children with ADHD. Minerva Medica 2020 Dec 2 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4806.20.07103-7] [PMID: ] - DOI - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ChiCTR1800014945 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR1800014945. Effect of the intervention combining medicine and education on school-age children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=24003 (first received 24 February 2018).
EUCTR2007‐004664‐46‐NL {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2007-004664-46-NL. Influence of methylphenidate on sleep and circadian rhythm in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2007-004664-46/NL (first received 15 November 2007).
EUCTR2008‐001291‐71‐DE {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2008-001291-71-DE. Electrophysiological correlates of putative endophenotypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2008-001291-71/DE (first received 9 June 2008).
EUCTR2008‐004425‐42‐NL {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2008-004425-42-NL. Neurocognitive testing in children with ADHD. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2008-004425-42/NL (first received 27 June 2008).
EUCTR2020‐003660‐11‐NL {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2020-003660-11-NL. Do effects of methylphenidate decline after long-term use? A double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study of effects of methylphenidate on cognitive functioning and real world behavior in treatment naïve children compared to effects after 9 months of treatment in clinical practice [Verminderen de effecten van methylfenidaat na langdurig gebruik? Een dubbelblind, placebo-gecontroleerde cross-over onderzoek naar de effecten van methylfenidaat op cognitief functioneren en gedrag in de klas en thuis bij kinderen vooraf aan de start van de behandeling met methylfenidaat en na 9 maanden behandeling in de klinische praktijk]. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-003660-11/NL (first received 21 December 2020).
IRCT138804132000N2 {published data only}
    1. IRCT138804132000N2. Neurofeedback in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [Effectiveness of neurofeedback versus methylphenidate in the treatment of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. en.irct.ir/trial/1599 (first received 15 February 2013).
IRCT201701131556N94 {published data only}
    1. IRCT201701131556N94. Saffron versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [Saffron versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind and randomized trialSaffron versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. en.irct.ir/trial/943 (first received 13 January 2017).
IRCT20190317043079N {published data only}
    1. The effect of neurofeedback/biofeedback on brain’s waves amplitude and attention deficit in children with ADHD. https://en.irct.ir/trial/55030 2021.
Müller 2021 {published data only}
    1. Müller AR, Zinkstok JR, Rommelse NN, Van den Ven PM, Roes KC, Wijburg FA, et al. Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome: protocol for a series of N-of-1 trials. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2021;16(380):1-9. [DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02003-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
NCT00141050 {published data only}
    1. NCT00141050. Safety and efficacy study of dexmethylphenidate in children with ADHD. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00141050 (first received 1 September 2005).
NCT00254878 {published data only}
    1. NCT00254878. Placebo-controlled comparison of two different brands of modified-release oral dosage forms regarding safety and efficacy in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) aged 6-14 [A 7 week multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over evaluation of the efficacy and safety of two different brands of modified-release oral dosage forms of methylphenidate-hcl (20 mg, q.d.) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) aged 6 - 14]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00254878 (first received 17 November 2005).
NCT00414921 {published data only}
    1. NCT00414921. Preschool supplement to clonidine in ADHD (Kiddie-CAT). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00414921 (first received 22 December 2006).
NCT00446537 {published data only}
    1. NCT00446537. Procedural learning in participants with ADHD. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00446537 (first received 13 March 2007).
NCT00485550 {published data only}
    1. NCT00485550. Comparison of atomoxetine plus either comparator or placebo in children with ADHD who haven't responded to stimulant therapy [A randomized, double-blind comparison of atomoxetine hydrochloride augmented with either extended-release methylphenidate hydrochloride (Concerta™) or placebo in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who have not responded to stimulant mono therapy]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00485550 (first received 13 June 2007).
NCT02807870 {published data only}
    1. NCT02807870. Early interventions in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [Early interventions in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: randomized controlled trial comparing methylphenidate parental training in treating preschool children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02807870 (first received 21 June 2016).
Verlaet 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT02700685. Effect of Pycnogenol® on ADHD [Effect of a polyphenol-rich plant extract on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a randomized, double blind, placebo and active product controlled multicenter trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02700685 (first received 7 March 2016).
    1. Verlaet AA, Ceulemans B, Verhelst H, Van West D, De Bruyne T, Pieters L, et al. Effect of Pycnogenol® on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):145. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1879-67-1879-6] [PMCID: PMC5370458] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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