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Review
. 2023 Mar 29;21(1):114.
doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01858-7.

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) in nanomedicine for human disease and therapeutic modalities

Zhijie Xu #  1 , Yuzhen Xu #  2 , Kui Zhang  3 , Yuanhong Liu  4 , Qiuju Liang  4 , Abhimanyu Thakur  5 , Wei Liu  1   6 , Yuanliang Yan  7   8
Affiliations
Review

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) in nanomedicine for human disease and therapeutic modalities

Zhijie Xu et al. J Nanobiotechnology. .

Abstract

Background: The past few years have witnessed a significant increase in research related to plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) in biological and medical applications. Using biochemical technologies, multiple independent groups have demonstrated the important roles of PDEVs as potential mediators involved in cell-cell communication and the exchange of bio-information between species. Recently, several contents have been well identified in PDEVs, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other active substances. These cargoes carried by PDEVs could be transferred into recipient cells and remarkably influence their biological behaviors associated with human diseases, such as cancers and inflammatory diseases. This review summarizes the latest updates regarding PDEVs and focuses on its important role in nanomedicine applications, as well as the potential of PDEVs as drug delivery strategies to develop diagnostic and therapeutic agents for the clinical management of diseases, especially like cancers.

Conclusion: Considering its unique advantages, especially high stability, intrinsic bioactivity and easy absorption, further elaboration on molecular mechanisms and biological factors driving the function of PDEVs will provide new horizons for the treatment of human disease.

Keywords: Cancer; Cell-cell communication; Human diseases; Nanomedicine; Plant-derived extracellular vesicles.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Application of plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) as functional nanomedicine materials for human diseases
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Schematic representations of PDEV structure and cargoes. PDEVs could transfer several cargoes to recipient cells, including small RNAs, proteins, lipids, and other pharmacologically active metabolites
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Modification techniques to facilitate PDEVs as the potential therapeutic nanocarriers. (A) Pharmacological particles directly encapsulated into the PDEVs. (B) Functional ligands effectively loaded onto the surfaces of EVs using a surface modification strategy. (C) Liposome-mediated membrane-fusion approach facilitating the design of advanced engineered PDEVs. (D) Bioactive agent-loaded MOF encapsulated into PDEVs, consequently prompting the targeted delivery of cargoes into recipient cells
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Representative steps of ultracentrifugation-based strategies for PDEV extraction
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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