Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles by Using Abrus precatorius Bark Extract and Their Photocatalytic, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxicity Activities

Abstract

The current research is concerned with the synthesis of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs) from Abrus precatorius L. bark extract via the green chemistry method. The synthesized MgO NPs was confirmed by using several characterization methods like XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and UV-visible analysis. The synthesized MgO NPs displayed a small particle size along with a specific surface area. Abrus precatorius bark synthesized MgO NPs with a higher ratio of dye degradation, and antioxidant activity showed a higher percentage of free radical scavenging in synthesized MgO NPs. Zebrafish embryos were used as a model organism to assess the toxicity of the obtained MgO nanoparticles, and the results concluded that the MgO NPs were nontoxic. In addition, the anticancer properties of MgO nanoparticles were analyzed by using a human melanoma cancer cell line (A375) via MTT, XTT, NRU, and LDH assessment. MgO NPs treated a human melanoma cancer cell line and resulted in apoptosis and necrosis based on the concentration, which was confirmed through a genotoxicity assay. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms in necrosis and apoptosis were conferred to depict the association of magnesium oxide nanoparticles with the human melanoma cancer cell line. The current study on MgO NPs showed a broad-scope understanding of the use of these nanoparticles as a medicinal drug for melanoma cancer via its physiological mechanism and also a novel route to obtain MgO NPs by using the green chemistry method.

Keywords: Abrus precatorius; MgO nanoparticles; biomedical engineering; cytotoxicity; genotoxicity; protein signaling pathways.

Figure 1

Schematic representation of the method adopted for the green synthesis of MgO nanoparticles.

Figure 2

Characterization of MgO nanoparticles. (A) XRD, (B) FTIR spectrum, and (C,D) SEM images under different magnifications.

Figure 3

(A,B) TEM images under different resolutions and (C) UV-Vis spectrum.

Figure 4

(A) Methylene blue dye degradation activity of MgO NPs, (B) Kinetic study of photo−catalytic activity of MgO NPs.

Figure 5

Antioxidant properties of Abrus precatorius bark-mediated synthesized MgO NPs and ascorbic acid.

Figure 6

(a). Images representing the zebrafish embryos with hours postfertilization (hpf) (A) Control after 24 hpf. (B) MgO nanoparticles treated after 24 hpf (20 µg/mL). (C) MgO nanoparticles treated after 24 hpf (120 µg/mL). (D) Control after 48 hpf. (E) MgO nanoparticles treated after 48 hpf (20 µg/mL). (F) MgO nanoparticles treated after 48 hpf (120 µg/mL). (G) Control after 72 hpf. (H) MgO nanoparticles treated after 72 hpf (20 µg/mL). (I) MgO nanoparticles treated after 72 hpf (120 µg/mL). (b). Bar graph represents the mortality percentage of prepared MgO nanoparticles with respect to time and concentration.

Figure 7

Cell viability of MgO nanoparticles as analyzed by MTT assay.

Figure 8

Cell viability of MgO nanoparticles as analyzed by XTT assay.

Figure 9

Cell viability of MgO nanoparticles as analyzed by NRU assay.

Figure 10

Cell viability of MgO nanoparticles as analyzed by LDH release assay.

Figure 11

Genotoxic effect of different concentrations of MgO nanoparticles on A549 (A) Percentage of DNA damage, (B) Percentage olive tail movement.

Figure 12

Antimicrobial activity of synthesis of MgO NPs (A: DMSO, B: MgO NPs, C: Abrus precatorius bark extract and D: standard antibiotics), and (a) S. epidermidis MTCC 2639, (b) B. subtilis MTCC 1133, (c) P. aeruginosa MTCC 2582, and (d) E. coli MTCC 1692.