Genome-Wide Sequencing Modalities for Children with Unexplained Global Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disabilities-A Narrative Review

Abstract

Unexplained global developmental delay (GDD) and intellectual disabilities (ID) together affect nearly 2% of the pediatric population. Establishing an etiologic diagnosis is crucial for disease management, prognostic evaluation, and provision of physical and psychological support for both the patient and the family. Advancements in genome sequencing have allowed rapid accumulation of gene-disorder associations and have accelerated the search for an etiologic diagnosis for unexplained GDD/ID. We reviewed recent studies that utilized genome-wide analysis technologies, and we discussed their diagnostic yield, strengths, and limitations. Overall, exome sequencing (ES) and genome sequencing (GS) outperformed chromosomal microarrays and targeted panel sequencing. GS provides coverage for both ES and chromosomal microarray regions, providing the maximal diagnostic potential, and the cost of ES and reanalysis of ES-negative results is currently still lower than that of GS alone. Therefore, singleton or trio ES is the more cost-effective option for the initial investigation of individuals with GDD/ID in clinical practice compared to a staged approach or GS alone. Based on these updated evidence, we proposed an evaluation algorithm with ES as the first-tier evaluation for unexplained GDD/ID.

Keywords: chromosomal microarray; developmental delay; exome sequencing; genome sequencing; global developmental delay; intellectual disability; neurological developmental disorder; next-generation sequencing.

Figure 1

Proposed diagnostic algorithm for evaluation of unexplained GDD/ID. Abbreviations: CNV = copy number variants; DD = developmental delay; ES = exome sequencing; GS = genome sequencing; ID = intellectual disability; VUS = variants of unknown significance.