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Review
. 2023 Mar 10;12(6):2178.
doi: 10.3390/jcm12062178.

The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

Gloria Santangelo  1 , Francesca Bursi  2 , Andrea Faggiano  1   3 , Silvia Moscardelli  2 , Pasquale Simone Simeoli  2 , Marco Guazzi  2 , Roberto Lorusso  4 , Stefano Carugo  1   3 , Pompilio Faggiano  5
Affiliations
Review

The Global Burden of Valvular Heart Disease: From Clinical Epidemiology to Management

Gloria Santangelo et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

Valvular heart disease is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and a major contributor of symptoms and functional disability. Knowledge of valvular heart disease epidemiology and a deep comprehension of the geographical and temporal trends are crucial for clinical advances and the formulation of effective health policy for primary and secondary prevention. This review mainly focuses on the epidemiology of primary (organic, related to the valve itself) valvular disease and its management, especially emphasizing the importance of heart valve centers in ensuring the best care of patients through a multidisciplinary team.

Keywords: aortic regurgitation; aortic stenosis; epidemiology; heart team; heart valve center; heart valve disease; mitral annular disjunction; mitral annulus calcification.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors state that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Percutaneous aortic and mitral valve interventions in Italy over the years (2017–2021). Data from the GISE (Gruppo Italiano Studi Emodinamici) Registry. TAVI: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation. PMVR: Percutaneous mitral valve repair.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Severe aortic stenosis. Panel (A) shows an apical four-chamber view with the hypertrophic left ventricle; panel (B) shows the peak aortic velocity (4.3 m/s) and the median transvalvular gradient (48 mmHg) evaluated by continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Carpentier classification of mitral regurgitation (MR). Apical four-chamber view, on the left, and Color Doppler ultrasound evaluation, on the right. (A,B) Type I: normal leaflet motion; annular dilatation. (C,D) Type II: excessive leaflet motion (mitral prolapse or flail). Type III: restricted leaflet motion; (E,F) IIIa: restricted opening during systole and diastole (rheumatic disease); (G,H) IIIb: restricted closure during systole (ischemic MR).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Mitral annular disjunction. Mitral atrioventricular disjunction (MAD). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) two-chamber long-axis: the yellow arrows indicate the site of atrioventricular junction used to assess the MAD (from the top edge of the ventricular wall to the hinge of the leaflet from the left atrial wall).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Prevalence of non-rheumatic Valve Heart Disease per 100,000 people.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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