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Review
. 2023 Mar 17;16(6):2401.
doi: 10.3390/ma16062401.

An Overview on the Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on the Performance of Magnesium for Biomedical Applications

Mariana P Medeiros  1 , Debora R Lopes  1 , Megumi Kawasaki  2 , Terence G Langdon  3 , Roberto B Figueiredo  1
Affiliations
Review

An Overview on the Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on the Performance of Magnesium for Biomedical Applications

Mariana P Medeiros et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

There has been a great interest in evaluating the potential of severe plastic deformation (SPD) to improve the performance of magnesium for biological applications. However, different properties and trends, including some contradictions, have been reported. The present study critically reviews the structural features, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and biological response of magnesium and its alloys processed by SPD, with an emphasis on equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high-pressure torsion (HPT). The unique mechanism of grain refinement in magnesium processed via ECAP causes a large scatter in the final structure, and these microstructural differences can affect the properties and produce difficulties in establishing trends. However, the recent advances in ECAP processing and the increased availability of data from samples produced via HPT clarify that grain refinement can indeed improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance without compromising the biological response. It is shown that processing via SPD has great potential for improving the performance of magnesium for biological applications.

Keywords: biomaterials; corrosion; magnesium; mechanical properties; severe plastic deformation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Summary of the relationship between processing, structure, properties and performance of magnesium for biomedical applications.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Illustration of the principles of (a) ECAP [20] and (b) HPT [21].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Illustration of the mechanism of grain refinement of magnesium processed via ECAP [23].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Evolution of the grain structure of pure magnesium during HPT processing [28].
Figure 5
Figure 5
TEM images of the structure of an Mg–8.2Gd–3.8Y–1.0Zn–0.4Zr alloy processed via HPT [30].
Figure 6
Figure 6
Stress–strain curves of an AZ31 alloy processed via ECAP [37].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Appearance of specimens of pure magnesium processed via HPT and pulled to failure at room temperature [25].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Flow stress and elongation in tension of multiple magnesium alloys plotted as a function of the grain size [44].
Figure 9
Figure 9
Flow stress (σ) of magnesium alloys plotted as a function of the elongation in tension for samples with different grain size ranges [44].
Figure 10
Figure 10
Corrosion rate reported in samples of magnesium processed via ECAP [52,55,56,57,58,59,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,69,71,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,82,83,84,85,86,87] and HPT [19,88,90,91,92,93,94,95,97,98,99,100] plotted as a function of the grain size.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Micro-CT 3D reconstruction of implants (gray in color) of Mg, Mg–1%Ca and Mg–2%Sr processed via ECAP and bone around the implant (green in color) after 2, 4, 16 and 24 weeks of in vivo degradation [58].
Figure 12
Figure 12
Corrosion rate vs. flow stress of magnesium and its alloys before and after SPD processing. Data from the literature [19,57,58,59,64,66,70,72,76,77,78,79,80,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,90,91,92,94,100].
Figure 13
Figure 13
Appearance of scaffolds of pure magnesium with different processing history and immersion in Hank’s solution for 14 days [109].
Figure 14
Figure 14
Elemental composition distribution along the depth of an Mg–HA composite produced via HPT and subjected via immersion in Hank’s solution [121].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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