Dietary Supplementation of Chestnut Tannins in Prepartum Dairy Cows Improves Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms Interacting with Thyroid Status

Abstract

Cows in the peripartal period undergo changes in thyroid hormones and are susceptible to lipomobilization and/or oxidative stress. The addition of chestnut tannins as polyphenolic compounds in the diet may improve feed efficiency and prevent oxidative stress-related health disorders in transition cows. However, the relationship between chestnut tannin supplementation and thyroid function, which plays an important role in metabolic regulation, has not been investigated in dairy cows. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chestnut tannin supplementation during the close-up period on thyroid status and to evaluate the interaction between thyroid hormones and oxidative stress biomarkers in prepartum dairy cows. Forty multiparous Holstein cows were fed either a diet containing chestnut tannins (CNTs, n = 20, 1.96 g chestnut tannins/kg feed, dry matter) or a non-supplemented diet (CON, n = 20) during the last 25 ± 2 days of gestation. Blood samples were collected on the first day of study (before chestnut tannin supplementation) and d 5 before parturition to measure hormonal and oxidative stress indices. Serum concentrations of T3 (p = 0.04) and T4 (p = 0.05) were higher in CNT cows than in the CON group on day 5 before parturition. Thyroid status of CNT cows was associated with higher serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, p < 0.01), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, p = 0.03) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx, p = 0.01), and reduced glutathione concentration (GSH, p = 0.05). Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were lower (p = 0.04) which was associated with lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST, p = 0.02), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, p = 0.01) activities in the CNT than in the CON group. Estradiol and progesterone did not differ between CNT and CON cows. Chestnut tannin supplementation improves antioxidant protection, prevents oxidation-reduction processes, reduces the degree of liver cell membrane damage, and protects thyroid tissue from damage, allowing higher T3 and T4 synthesis. Considering the importance of the thyroid hormone status before parturition, mechanisms of thyroid hormone regulation in CNT-supplemented dairy cows require more detailed investigations.

Keywords: antioxidant status; chestnut tannin; dairy cows; thyroid hormones.

Figure 1

Concentrations of (A) triiodothyronine (T₃), (B) thyroxine (T₄), (C) progesterone, and (D) 17-β estradiol in serum of CON and CNT groups of cows at 25 and 5 days before expected parturition. Values are expressed as mean ± SE. (A) Effects of treatment (p = 0.332), time (p = 0.754), and interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.050); (B) effects of treatment (p = 0.532), time (p = 0.151), and interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.050); (C) effects of treatment (p = 0.742), time (p < 0.001) and interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.753); (D) effects of treatment (p = 0.540), time (p < 0.001), and interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.531). Significant differences between groups as well as differences along the time points within each group are indicated by p values (Fisher post hoc test). −25 d = first day of chestnut tannins supplementation (25 ± 2 days before parturition). −5 d = 5 days before parturition.

Figure 2

Activities of (A) total antioxidants (FRAP), (B) glutathione peroxidase (GPx), (E) superoxide dismutase (SOD), (F) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and (G) aspartate aminotranspherase (AST), and concentrations of (C) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and (D) reduced glutathione (GSH) in serum of CON and CNT groups of cows at 25 and 5 days before expected parturition. Values are expressed as mean ± SE. (A) Effects of treatment (p < 0.001), time (p < 0.001), and interaction between treatment and time (p < 0.001); (B) effects of treatment (p < 0.01), time (p < 0.001), and interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.687); (C) effects of treatment (p = 0.100), time (p = 0.300), and interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.221); (D) effects of treatment (p = 0.271), time (p < 0.001), and interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.291); (E) effects of treatment (p = 0.613), time (p < 0.001), and interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.020); (F) effects of treatment (p = 0.121), time (p < 0.001), and interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.043); (G) effects of treatment (p = 0.064), time (p = 0.101), and interaction between treatment and time (p = 0.133). Significant differences between groups as well as differences along the time points within each group are indicated with p-values (Fisher post hoc test). −25 d = first day of chestnut tannins supplementation (25 ± 2 days before parturition). −5 d = 5 days before parturition.