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. 2023 Mar 5;13(3):386.
doi: 10.3390/metabo13030386.

Food Service Kitchen Scraps as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: Disposal Survey, Optimized Extraction, Metabolomic Screening and Chemometric Evaluation

Tatiana de Souza Medina  1 , Carolina Thomaz Dos Santos D'Almeida  1   2 , Talita Pimenta do Nascimento  1   2 , Joel Pimentel de Abreu  3 , Vanessa Rosse de Souza  3 , Diego Calandrini Kalili  1 , Anderson Junger Teodoro  3 , Luiz Claudio Cameron  2 , Maria Gabriela Koblitz  2   4 , Mariana Simões Larraz Ferreira  1   2
Affiliations

Food Service Kitchen Scraps as a Source of Bioactive Phytochemicals: Disposal Survey, Optimized Extraction, Metabolomic Screening and Chemometric Evaluation

Tatiana de Souza Medina et al. Metabolites. .

Abstract

Untargeted metabolomics is a powerful tool with high resolution and the capability to characterize a wide range of bioactive natural products from fruit and vegetable by-products (FVB). Thus, this approach was applied in the study to evaluate the phenolic compounds (PC) by metabolomic screening in five FVB after optimizing their extraction. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity analyses were able to select the best extractor (SM) and ultrasonication time (US) for each FVB; methanol was used as a control. Although ultrasonication yielded a lower number of PC identifications (84 PC), the US extract was the most efficient in total ionic abundance (+21% and +29% compared to the total PC and SM extracts, respectively). Ultrasonication also increased the phenolic acid (+38%) and flavonoid classes (+19%) extracted compared to SM, while the multivariate analyses showed the control as the most dissimilar sample. FVB extracted from the same parts of the vegetable/fruit showed similarities and papaya seed presented the most atypical profile. The application of the metabolomics approach increased the knowledge of the bioactive potential of the evaluated residues and possibilities of exploring and valorizing the generated extracts.

Keywords: bioactive compounds; fruit and vegetable non-edible parts; health-promoting foods; metabolomics; waste.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Evaluation of total reducing capacity (TRC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) by the DPPH method using six different extractors on five fruit and vegetable by-products (FVB). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Different letters indicate a significant difference between extractors (Tukey, p < 0.05).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Evaluation of ultrasonication (US) extraction for 3 different times in terms of total reducing capacity (TRC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) by the DPPH method on five fruit and vegetable by-products (FVB). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Different letters indicate a significant difference between US time (Tukey, p < 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Metabolomics analysis: (A) Venn diagram with the number of identifications distribution in each extract and in each of the fruit and vegetable by-products (FVB); (B) total relative ion abundance of phenolic compounds with the sum (Σ) of each extract; (C) distribution of phenolic classes in selected mixture (SM), ultrasonication (US) and total phenolic content (TPC) extracts. Different lowercase letters mean a significant difference (p < 0.05) between FVB with the same extractor, while uppercase letters mean a significant difference (p < 0.05) between extracts from the same FVB. Bars represent standard deviation (n = 3).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot to observe the similarity/dissimilarity between (A) the extract used, independent of the fruit and vegetable by-products (FVB), and (B) the fruit and vegetable by-products (FVB), regardless of the extract. The samples (symbols) are distributed according to relative intensity of identified phenolic compounds (red circles).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Comparative analysis between extracts: s-plot of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) of (A) ultrasonication (US) vs. total phenolic content (TPC) extracts, (B) selected mixture (SM) vs. US extracts, and (C) TPC vs. SM extracts.
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