Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2023 Feb 24;14(3):527.
doi: 10.3390/mi14030527.

A Frequency Reconfigurable Folded Antenna for Cognitive Radio Communication

Ahmed A Ibrahim  1 , Wael A E Ali  2 , Moath Alathbah  3   4 , Hesham A Mohamed  5
Affiliations

A Frequency Reconfigurable Folded Antenna for Cognitive Radio Communication

Ahmed A Ibrahim et al. Micromachines (Basel). .

Abstract

In this work, a spectrum-sensing monopole antenna was used to operate in different frequency bands for cognitive radio applications. The proposed antenna consists of a folded monopole antenna with a partial ground plane, and it can be used for various wireless technologies operated at various frequencies from 1.5 to 3.5 GHz. The suggested antenna was printed on a RO4003 substrate with 3.38 permittivity and an overall size of 60 × 60 × 0.813 mm3. To achieve reconfigurability of the antenna, PIN diodes (HPND-4005) were inserted at different lengths along the antenna to obtain the desired performance. The antenna was fabricated and experimentally tested to validate the simulation outcomes, and distinct consistency between the simulation and measurement outcomes was obtained. Computer simulation tool (CST) software was used to design and simulate the suggested antenna and then the model was fabricated to validate the simulation outcomes.

Keywords: PIN diode; cognitive radio; folded monopole antenna; reconfigurable.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The evolution of the folded monopole antenna with x1 = 60 mm, x2 = 6 mm, X3 = 4 mm, x4 = 9 mm, x5 = 10 mm y1 = 30 mm, y2 = 11 mm, y3 = 4 mm, y4 = 4 mm, y5 = 6 mm, y6 = 7 mm, and Lg = 28 mm.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The simulated S11 outcomes for different antennas.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The simulated distributions of the surface current at the different frequency bands of the antennas.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The simulated 3D radiation patterns at the different frequency bands of the antennas.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The suggested configuration of the antenna with four PIN diodes switches from sw1 to sw4: (a) the 2D layout and (b) the fabricated prototype.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The S11 simulation and measurement outcomes of the folded antenna with PIN diodes: (a) all of the switches off, (b) sw1 on, (c) sw1 and sw2 on, (d) sw1, sw2, and sw3 on, and (e) all of the switches on.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The setup of the radiation pattern photo.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The normalized 2D patterns of the antenna at φ = 0° and φ = 90°: (a) at 3 GHz (all off), (b) at 2.6 GHz sw1 on, (c) at 1.6 GHz sw1, sw2, and sw3 on, (d) at 1.5 GHz (all on), and (e) at 3.5 GHz (all on).
Figure 8
Figure 8
The normalized 2D patterns of the antenna at φ = 0° and φ = 90°: (a) at 3 GHz (all off), (b) at 2.6 GHz sw1 on, (c) at 1.6 GHz sw1, sw2, and sw3 on, (d) at 1.5 GHz (all on), and (e) at 3.5 GHz (all on).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Kumar O.P., Kumar P., Ali T., Kumar P., Vincent S. Ultrawideband Antennas: Growth and Evolution. Micromachines. 2021;13:60. doi: 10.3390/mi13010060. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mathur R., Dwari S. Compact CPW-Fed ultrawideband MIMO antenna using hexagonal ring monopole antenna elements. AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun. 2018;93:1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.aeue.2018.05.032. - DOI
    1. Hu Y., Du K., Zhang L., Wang Y., Kang X. A Design for a Wide-Band Antenna Pair Applied for Mobile Terminals at the Sub-6 GHz Band. Appl. Sci. 2022;13:331. doi: 10.3390/app13010331. - DOI
    1. Alaa A.M., Ismail M.H., Tawfik H. Spectrum sensing via reconfigurable antennas: Fundamental limits and potential gains. Telecommun. Syst. 2016;62:581–602. doi: 10.1007/s11235-015-0096-4. - DOI
    1. Ibrahim A.A., Mohamed H.A., Rizo A.R.D., Parra-Michel R., Aboushady H. Tunable Filtenna With DGS Loaded Resonators for a Cognitive Radio System Based on an SDR Transceiver. IEEE Access. 2022;10:32123–32131. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3160467. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources