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. 2023 Mar 11;11(3):725.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11030725.

Occurrence and Multidrug Resistance in Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Recovered from the Anaerobic Co-Digestion Sludge Contained in a Single Stage Steel Biodigester: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship

Christy Echakachi Manyi-Loh  1 , Anthony Ifeanyin Okoh  2   3 , Ryk Lues  1
Affiliations

Occurrence and Multidrug Resistance in Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Recovered from the Anaerobic Co-Digestion Sludge Contained in a Single Stage Steel Biodigester: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship

Christy Echakachi Manyi-Loh et al. Microorganisms. .

Abstract

L. monocytogenes is a zoonotic foodborne pathogen with inherent adaptability to tolerate environmental and physiological stresses, thereby causing severe disease outbreaks. Antibiotic resistant foodborne pathogens are a challenge to the food industry. A total of 18 samples were pooled from a bio-digester co-digesting swine manure/pinewood sawdust, and evaluated for the occurrence of bacterium plus total viable counts using the spread plate method. The recovered bacterial isolates were presumptively identified by growth on selective medium and confirmed by biochemical characterisation, leading to the isolation of 43 L. monocytogenes. The isolates were characterized based on their susceptibility to antibiotics via the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique against a panel of 14 antibiotics. Equally, the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated, and MAR phenotypes generated. The bacterial counts were between 102 and104 cfu/mL. Complete susceptibility (100%) was demonstrated to ampicillin, gentamicin and sulfamethoxazole, which are the drugs of choice in the treatment of listeriosis. In addition, intermediate sensitivity occurred at 25.58% to cefotaxime, and the highest resistance (51.16%) was exhibited against nalidixic acid. The MAR index ranged from 0 to 0.71. Overall, 41.86% of the Listeria isolates displayed multidrug resistance, with 18 different MAR phenotypes, demonstrating CIP, E, C, TET, AUG, S, CTX, NA, AML, NI as the greatest MAR phenotype. It can be concluded that the isolates yielding MAR > 0.2 originated from the farm, where antibiotics had been in routine use. Therefore, strict monitoring of antibiotics use in the farm is crucial to mitigate further increase in antibiotic resistance amongst these bacterial isolates.

Keywords: Listeria species; anaerobic co-digestion; antibiotic resistance; multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index; swine manure/pine wood sawdust.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Log bacterial counts and daily pH over time.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Log bacterial counts and average daily temperature over time.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Frequency of Listeria isolates exhibiting resistance against the tested antibiotics (TS, co-trimoxazole; E, erythromycin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; C, chloramphenicol; TET, tetracycline, SMX, sulfamethoxazole, AUG, augmentin; S, streptomycin; CTX, cefotaxime, GEN, gentamicin; AMP, ampicillin; AML, amoxicillin; NA, nalidixic acid; NI, nitrofurantoin).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Distribution of MAR values and frequencies of Listeria isolates in the study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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