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Review
. 2023 Mar 21;28(6):2831.
doi: 10.3390/molecules28062831.

Electroanalytical Trace Metal Cations Quantification and Speciation in Freshwaters: Historical Overview, Critical Review of the Last Five Years and Road Map for Developing Dynamic Speciation Field Measurements

José Paulo Pinheiro  1 , Elise Rotureau  1
Affiliations
Review

Electroanalytical Trace Metal Cations Quantification and Speciation in Freshwaters: Historical Overview, Critical Review of the Last Five Years and Road Map for Developing Dynamic Speciation Field Measurements

José Paulo Pinheiro et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

An historical overview covering the field of electroanalytical metal cations speciation in freshwaters is presented here, detailing both the notable experimental and theoretical developments. Then, a critical review of the progress in the last five years is given, underlining in particular the improvements in electrochemical setups and methodologies dedicated to field surveys. Given these recent achievements, a road map to carry out on-site dynamic metal speciation measurements is then proposed, and the key future developments are discussed. This review shows that electroanalytical stripping techniques provide a unique framework for quantitatively assessing metals at trace levels while offering access to both thermodynamic and dynamic features of metal complexation with natural colloidal and particulate ligands.

Keywords: AGNES; SCP; SSCP; dynamic speciation; electroanalytical techniques; equilibrium speciation; field measurements; trace metals.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Generic description of SCP, SSCP and AGNES.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Scheme of the proposed dynamic speciation methodology.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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