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. 2023 Mar 9;13(6):999.
doi: 10.3390/nano13060999.

Release and MMP-9 Inhibition Assessment of Dental Adhesive Modified with EGCG-Encapsulated Halloysite Nanotubes

Saleh Alhijji  1   2 , Jeffrey A Platt  2 , Abdulaziz Alhotan  1 , Nawaf Labban  3 , Marco C Bottino  4   5 , L Jack Windsor  2
Affiliations

Release and MMP-9 Inhibition Assessment of Dental Adhesive Modified with EGCG-Encapsulated Halloysite Nanotubes

Saleh Alhijji et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

Degradation of the collagen fibrils at the dentin-resin interface by the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been known to permit some dental restoration complications, such as microleakage, secondary caries, and, ultimately, restoration failures. This study aimed to evaluate a modified adhesive by adding an MMP inhibitor from green tea extract with and without nanotube encapsulation to sustain the drug release. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were prepared to produce three variant combinations of modified adhesive (EGCG, EGCG-encapsulated HNT, and EGCG-free HNT). The drug loading efficiency and EGCG release over time were evaluated using UV-vis spectrometry. MMP-mediated β-casein (BCN) cleavage rate assays were used to determine the ability of the EGCG in eluates of the adhesive to inhibit MMP-9 activities. For up to 8 weeks, HNT encapsulation reduced release to a statistically significant level. MMP-mediated β-casein cleavage rate assays showed a significant decrease for the EGCG groups compared to the non-EGCG adhesive groups. Furthermore, the use of HNT for EGCG encapsulation to modify a dental adhesive helped slow down the rate of EGCG release without impacting its MMP inhibitory capabilities, which may help to maintain the dentin-resin interface's integrity over the long term after dental restoration placement.

Keywords: MMP inhibitors; dentin adhesive; dentin–resin interface; drug release; nanotube encapsulation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
EGCG encapsulation efficiency from repeated dissolving of EGCG-HNT in ethanol.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Encapsulation efficiency results of the EGCG detected in the supernatant (unloaded) and dissolved EGCG-encapsulated HNTs (loaded).
Figure 3
Figure 3
β-casein substrate (12.5 mg/mL) cleavage rate by MMP-9 (0.1 μg/m) at 28 days (A) and 56 days (B).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Total cleavage of bCN by MMP-9 detected by the intensity band relative to the baseline.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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