Programmable Nanostructures Based on Framework-DNA for Applications in Biosensing

Abstract

DNA has been actively utilized as bricks to construct exquisite nanostructures due to their unparalleled programmability. Particularly, nanostructures based on framework DNA (F-DNA) with controllable size, tailorable functionality, and precise addressability hold excellent promise for molecular biology studies and versatile tools for biosensor applications. In this review, we provide an overview of the current development of F-DNA-enabled biosensors. Firstly, we summarize the design and working principle of F-DNA-based nanodevices. Then, recent advances in their use in different kinds of target sensing with effectiveness have been exhibited. Finally, we envision potential perspectives on the future opportunities and challenges of biosensing platforms.

Keywords: DNA nanostructures; bacteria; biosensing; nucleic acids; protein; virus.

Figure 1

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Figure 2

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Figure 3

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Figure 4

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Figure 5

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Figure 6

(a) Tetrahedron-based Pb²⁺-sensitive DNAzyme sensor (TPS) that combines GR-5 DNAzyme with DNA tetrahedral [131]. (Reprinted from Talanta, Guan, H.; Yang, S.; Zheng, C.; Zhu, L.; Sun, S.; Guo, M.; Hu, X.; Huang, X.; Wang, L.; Shen, Z. DNAzyme-based sensing probe protected by DNA tetrahedron from nuclease degradation for the detection of lead ions, 2021, 233, 122543, Copyright (2021), with permission from Elsevier). (b) The 2D Fe₃O₄-MoS₂ platform for efficient enrichment and test of extracellular vesicles based on peroxidase-coupled cholesterol [135]. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Li, Z.; Ma, D.; Zhang, Y.; Luo, Z.; Weng, L.; Ding, X.; Wang, L. Biomimetic 3D Recognition with 2D Flexible Nanoarchitectures for Ultrasensitive and Visual Extracellular Vesicle Detection, 2022, 94, 14794–14800, Copyright (2022), with permission from the American Chemical Society). (c) A signal on-off fluorescence sensor based on the self-assembly DNA tetrahedron for the rapid simultaneous detection of ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) [141]. (Reprinted from Analytica Chimica Acta, Ren, W.; Pang, J.; Ma, R.; Liang, X.; Wei, M.; Suo, Z.; He, B.; Liu, Y. A signal on-off fluorescence sensor based on the self-assembly DNA tetrahedron for simultaneous detection of ochratoxin A and aflatoxin B1, 2022, 1198, 339566, Copyright (2022), with permission from Elsevier). (d) The FL-SERS dual-mode mechanism involving the Apt-AuNSs and the cDNA-AuNPs to detect OTA [142]. (Reprinted from Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Wang, H.; Zhao, B.; Ye, Y.; Qi, X.; Zhang, Y.; Xia, X.; Wang, X.; Zhou, N. A fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering dual-mode aptasensor for rapid and sensitive detection of ochratoxin A, 2022, 207, 114164, Copyright (2022), with permission from Elsevier).