Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

doi:10.3390/vaccines11030539

Review

. 2023 Feb 24;11(3):539.

doi: 10.3390/vaccines11030539.

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Yasunari Matsuzaka^{1

2}, Ryu Yashiro^{2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
² Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan.
³ Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.

PMID: 36992123
PMCID: PMC10058598
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030539

Review

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Yasunari Matsuzaka et al. Vaccines (Basel). 2023.

. 2023 Feb 24;11(3):539.

doi: 10.3390/vaccines11030539.

Authors

Yasunari Matsuzaka^{1

2}, Ryu Yashiro^{2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
² Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan.
³ Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.

PMID: 36992123
PMCID: PMC10058598
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030539

Abstract

Messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) vaccines are mainly used as SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Despite several issues concerning storage, stability, effective period, and side effects, viral vector vaccines are widely used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Recently, viral vector-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been suggested as useful tools, owing to their safety and ability to escape from neutral antibodies. Herein, we summarize the possible cellular mechanisms underlying EV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; drug delivery; exosomes; extracellular vesicles; lipid nanoparticle; viral vector.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Classification of coronavirus family.

**Figure 2**
Molecular interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with host cell via S protein and ACE2 receptor. The S protein produces two subunits, the S1 and S2 subunits, with cleavage by TMPRSS2.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Exosomes and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Li L, Yang Z, Li J. Li L, et al. Front Immunol. 2024 Nov 26;15:1467109. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1467109. eCollection 2024. Front Immunol. 2024. PMID: 39660145 Free PMC article. Review.
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References

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1. Ravi V., Saxena S., Panda P.S. Basic virology of SARS-CoV 2. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 2022;40:182–186. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.02.005. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Li Q., Liu Y., Zhang L. Cytoplasmic tail determines the membrane trafficking and localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Front. Mol. Biosci. 2022;9:1004036. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1004036. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Hong J., Kwon H.J., Cachau R., Chen C.Z., Butay K.J., Duan Z., Li D., Ren H., Liang T., Zhu J., et al. Dromedary camel nanobodies broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2022;119:e2201433119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2201433119. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Gupta D., Sharma P., Singh M., Kumar M., Ethayathulla A.S., Kaur P. Structural and functional insights into the spike protein mutations of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2021;78:7967–7989. doi: 10.1007/s00018-021-04008-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Zhang C., Yang M. Newly Emerged Antiviral Strategies for SARS-CoV-2: From Deciphering Viral Protein Structural Function to the Development of Vaccines, Antibodies, and Small Molecules. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23:6083. doi: 10.3390/ijms23116083. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Zhang C., Yang M. Newly Emerged Antiviral Strategies for SARS-CoV-2: From Deciphering Viral Protein Structural Function to the Development of Vaccines, Antibodies, and Small Molecules. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23:6083. doi: 10.3390/ijms23116083. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Ravi V., Saxena S., Panda P.S. Basic virology of SARS-CoV 2. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 2022;40:182–186. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.02.005. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Ravi V., Saxena S., Panda P.S. Basic virology of SARS-CoV 2. Indian J. Med. Microbiol. 2022;40:182–186. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.02.005. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Li Q., Liu Y., Zhang L. Cytoplasmic tail determines the membrane trafficking and localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Front. Mol. Biosci. 2022;9:1004036. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1004036. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Li Q., Liu Y., Zhang L. Cytoplasmic tail determines the membrane trafficking and localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Front. Mol. Biosci. 2022;9:1004036. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1004036. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] Hong J., Kwon H.J., Cachau R., Chen C.Z., Butay K.J., Duan Z., Li D., Ren H., Liang T., Zhu J., et al. Dromedary camel nanobodies broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2022;119:e2201433119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2201433119. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Hong J., Kwon H.J., Cachau R., Chen C.Z., Butay K.J., Duan Z., Li D., Ren H., Liang T., Zhu J., et al. Dromedary camel nanobodies broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2022;119:e2201433119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2201433119. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Gupta D., Sharma P., Singh M., Kumar M., Ethayathulla A.S., Kaur P. Structural and functional insights into the spike protein mutations of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2021;78:7967–7989. doi: 10.1007/s00018-021-04008-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Gupta D., Sharma P., Singh M., Kumar M., Ethayathulla A.S., Kaur P. Structural and functional insights into the spike protein mutations of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 2021;78:7967–7989. doi: 10.1007/s00018-021-04008-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Affiliations

Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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References

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

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References

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