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. 2023 Feb 21;15(3):598.
doi: 10.3390/v15030598.

Insights into the Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia in Terms of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e Sublineage Expansion

Viktor Nikiforov  1 , Alexey Shcherbakov  1 , Ilya Chvala  1 , Svetlana Kremenchugskaya  1 , Fedor Korennoy  1 , Tamara Mayorova  1 , Anna Timina  1 , Samat Tyulegenov  2 , Sarsenbay Abdrakhmanov  2 , Maksat Berdikulov  3 , Tserenchimed Sainnokhoi  4 , Delgerzul Gombo-Ochir  4 , Tsagaan Tserenchimed  4 , Larisa Prokhvatilova  1 , Alexander Sprygin  1
Affiliations

Insights into the Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia in Terms of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e Sublineage Expansion

Viktor Nikiforov et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has long been recognized as a highly contagious, transboundary disease of livestock incurring substantial losses and burdens to animal production and trade across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Due to the recent emergence of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage globally contributing to the expansion of FMD, molecular epidemiological investigations help in tracing the evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) across endemic and newly affected regions. In this work, our phylogenetic analysis reveals that the recent FMDV incursions in Russia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan in 2021-2022 were due to the virus belonging to the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage, belonging to the cluster from Cambodian FMDV isolates. The studied isolates varied by 1.0-4.0% at the VP1 nucleotide level. Vaccine matching tests indicated that the vaccination policy in the subregion should be tailored according to the peculiarities of the ongoing epidemiologic situation. The current vaccination should change from such vaccine strains as O1 Manisa (ME-SA), O no 2102/Zabaikalsky/2010 (O/ME-SA/Mya-98) (r1 = 0.05-0.28) to strains that most closely antigenically match the dominant lineage O No. 2212/Primorsky/2014 (O O/ME-SA//Mya-98) and O No. 2311/Zabaikalsky/2016 (O ME-SA/Ind-2001) (r1 = 0.66-1.0).

Keywords: VP1; epidemiology; evolution; foot-and-mouth disease.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Clinical signs observed at a foot-and-mouth disease outbreak identified in Orenburg oblast in December 2021. (A) lesions on the treats, (B) aphts in the mouth.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Map showing foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in 2021 and 2022 in the subregion.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Time course of Type O foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia from 2013 to 2022 (dated 1 April 2022).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Maximum likelihood tree reflecting the phylogenetic relationship among Russian, Kazakhstan, and Mongolian foot-and-mouth disease viral isolates collected in 2021 and 2022 on the basis of full-length VP1 gene sequences. The studied isolates are in bold.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Time course of changes in the range of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks from 2015 to 2018 and from 2019 to 2022 in Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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