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. 2023 Mar 11;15(3):734.
doi: 10.3390/v15030734.

Virological and Genetic Characterization of the Unusual Avian Influenza H14Nx Viruses in the Northern Asia

Nikita Dubovitskiy  1 , Anastasiya Derko  1 , Ivan Sobolev  1 , Elena Prokopyeva  1 , Tatyana Murashkina  1 , Maria Solomatina  1 , Olga Kurskaya  1 , Andrey Komissarov  2 , Artem Fadeev  2 , Daria Danilenko  2 , Polina Petrova  2 , Junki Mine  3 , Ryota Tsunekuni  3 , Yuko Uchida  3 , Takehiko Saito  3 , Alexander Shestopalov  1 , Kirill Sharshov  1
Affiliations

Virological and Genetic Characterization of the Unusual Avian Influenza H14Nx Viruses in the Northern Asia

Nikita Dubovitskiy et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

Wild aquatic birds are generally identified as a natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), where a high diversity of subtypes has been detected. Some AIV subtypes are considered to have relatively low prevalence in wild bird populations. Six-year AIV surveillance in Siberia revealed sporadic cases of the rarely identified H14-subtype AIV circulation. Complete genome sequencing of three H14 isolates were performed, and the analysis indicated interconnections between low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. We conducted hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays, estimated the susceptibility of isolates to neuraminidase inhibitors, and characterized receptor specificity. Our study revealed circulation of a new H14N9 subtype described for the first time. However, the low prevalence of the H14-subtype AIV population may be the reason for the underestimation of the diversity of H14-subtype AIVs. According to the available data, a region in which H14-subtype viruses were detected several times in 2007-2022 in the Eastern Hemisphere is Western Siberia, while the virus was also detected once in South Asia (Pakistan). Phylogenetic analysis of HA segment sequences revealed the circulation of two clades of H14-subtype viruses originated from initial 1980s Eurasian clade; the first was detected in Northern America and the second in Eurasia.

Keywords: Avian influenza; H14 subtype; H14N9; Influenza A virus; Northern Asia; Siberia; waterfowl; wild birds.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Avian influenza virus surveillance sampling sites in Russia, 2014–2019. Red circles represent sampling sites.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of HA subtype H14 genome segment of avian influenza viruses (●—sequences from this study; ●—sequence of H14 influenza virus strain isolated in related region from public database).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the NA-subtype N3 genome segment of avian influenza viruses (●—sequence from this study).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the NA-subtype N9 genome segment of avian influenza viruses (●—sequences from this study).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of internal genome segments: (A) PB2, (B) PB1, (C) PA, (D) NP, (E) MP of avian influenza viruses (●—sequences from this study; ●—sequence of H14 influenza virus isolated in related region from public database).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of internal genome segments: (A) PB2, (B) PB1, (C) PA, (D) NP, (E) MP of avian influenza viruses (●—sequences from this study; ●—sequence of H14 influenza virus isolated in related region from public database).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of internal genome segments: (A) PB2, (B) PB1, (C) PA, (D) NP, (E) MP of avian influenza viruses (●—sequences from this study; ●—sequence of H14 influenza virus isolated in related region from public database).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of internal genome segments: (A) PB2, (B) PB1, (C) PA, (D) NP, (E) MP of avian influenza viruses (●—sequences from this study; ●—sequence of H14 influenza virus isolated in related region from public database).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of internal genome segments: (A) PB2, (B) PB1, (C) PA, (D) NP, (E) MP of avian influenza viruses (●—sequences from this study; ●—sequence of H14 influenza virus isolated in related region from public database).
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