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. 2023 Mar 22:2023:2582774.
doi: 10.1155/2023/2582774. eCollection 2023.

Isolation of Oral Bacteria, Measurement of the C-Reactive Protein, and Blood Clinical Parameters in Dogs with Oral Tumor

Chanokchon Setthawongsin  1 , Duangdaow Khunbutsri  2 , Sirinun Pisamai  3 , Wuttinun Raksajit  1 , Suchanit Ngamkala  1 , Thitichai Jarudecha  1 , Nattakan Meekhanon  1 , Anudep Rungsipipat  4
Affiliations

Isolation of Oral Bacteria, Measurement of the C-Reactive Protein, and Blood Clinical Parameters in Dogs with Oral Tumor

Chanokchon Setthawongsin et al. Vet Med Int. .

Abstract

Canine oral cancers have a poor prognosis and are related to chronic inflammation. This may pose a risk of secondary bacterial infection. This study aimed to compare the bacteria isolated from oral swab samples, values of C-reactive proteins (CRPs), and clinical blood profiles of dogs with and without oral mass. A total of 36 dogs were divided in three groups: no oral mass (n = 21), oral mass (n = 8), and metastasis groups (n = 7). Significantly, both the clinical groups (the oral mass group and metastasis group) showed anemia, a decrease in the albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR), and an increase in the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), globulin-to-albumin ratio (GAR), CRP, and CRP-to-albumin ratio (CAR) compared to the normal group. CAR showed an increasing trend in the oral mass and metastasis groups (10 times and 100 times, respectively) compared to the no oral mass group (P < 0.001). Neisseria spp. (20.78%) was the main isolated bacteria in all groups. The main genera in the no oral mass group were Neisseria spp. (28.26%), Pasteurella spp. (19.57%), and Staphylococcus spp. (19.57%). Neisseria spp., Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia spp. were found equally (12.5%) in the oral mass group. Escherichia spp. (26.67%), Pseudomonas spp. (13.33%), and Staphylococcus spp. (13.33%) were the main genera in the metastasis group. Interestingly, Neisseria spp. decreased in the clinical groups (Fisher's exact = 6.39, P=0.048), and Escherichia spp. increased in the metastasis group (Fisher's exact = 14.00, P=0.002). The difference of oral bacteria in clinical dogs compared to healthy dogs may be related to microbiome alterations, and both the clinical groups showed the increment of inflammatory biomarkers. This suggested that further studies should be conducted on the correlation between the specific bacteria, CRP, blood clinical parameters, and type of canine oral mass.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The groups of animals in this study and techniques of sample collections. There was one normal group,the no oral mass group, and the two clinical groups, the oral mass group and the metastasis group.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Histopathology of oral tumor mass stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain and gross lesion of canine oral mass in this study. This figure presents the histopathology of acanthomatous ameloblastoma (20x,(a)), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, 20x,(b)), malignant melanoma cells metastasis to the regional lymph node (40x,(c)), and the gross lesion of oral mass at the maxilla area (d).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The thoracic radiography of the oral tumor-bearing dog with lung metastasis. The left lateral view of thoracic radiography (a) and the ventrodorsal (VD) view of thoracic radiography (b).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Comparison of red blood cell (RBC, median (IQR))(a), the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (n/l ratio or NLR, median (IQR))(b), platelet counts (PLT, median (IQR))(c), and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP, median (IQR))(d) of dogs among the no oral mass group, the oral mass group, and the metastasis group.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Comparison of the plasma albumin concentration (ALB, mean ± SD)(a), plasma globulin concentration (GLOB, median (IQR))(b), albumin to globulin ratio (A/G, AGR mean ± SD)(c), globulin to albumin ratio (G/A, GAR, median (IQR))(d), plasma CRP concentration (CRP, median (IQR))(e), and CRP to ALB ratio (CRP/ALB, CAR median (IQR))(f) of dogs among the no oral mass group, the oral mass group, and the metastasis group.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Phylum of the bacterial isolates which were analyzed based on 16S rRNA gene taxonomy from the canine oral swabs in the three groups of dogs.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Family of the bacterial isolates which were analyzed based on 16S rRNA gene taxonomy from the canine oral swabs in the three groups of dogs.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Genus of the bacterial isolates which were analyzed based on 16S rRNA gene taxonomy from the canine oral swabs in the three groups of dogs.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The layout of animals, sample collections, and the interesting results in this study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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