Cross-sectional study to assess depression among healthcare workers in Lusaka, Zambia during the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract

Objectives: We sought to assess depression among healthcare workers (HCWs) in the context of COVID-19 in Lusaka Province, Zambia.

Design: This cross-sectional study is nested within a larger study, the Person-Centred Public Health for HIV Treatment in Zambia (PCPH), a cluster-randomised trial to assess HIV care and outcomes.

Setting: The research was conducted in 24 government-run health facilities from 11 August to 15 October 2020 during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Lusaka, Zambia.

Participants: We used convenience sampling to recruit HCW participants who were previously enrolled in the PCPH study, had more than 6 months' experience working at the facility and were voluntarily willing to participate.

Primary outcome measures: We implemented the well-validated 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to assess HCW depression. We used mixed-effects, adjusted Poisson regression to estimate the marginal probability of HCWs experiencing depression that may warrant intervention (PHQ-9 score ≥5) by healthcare facility.

Results: We collected PHQ-9 survey responses from 713 professional and lay HCWs. Overall, 334 (46.8%, 95% CI 43.1%, 50.6%) HCWs recorded a PHQ-9 score ≥5, indicating the need for further assessment and potential intervention for depression. We identified significant heterogeneity across facilities and observed a greater proportion of HCWs with symptoms of depression in facilities providing COVID-19 testing and treatment services.

Conclusions: Depression may be a concern for a large proportion of HCWs in Zambia. Further work to understand the magnitude and aetiologies of depression among HCWs in the public sector is needed to design effective prevention and treatment interventions to meet the needs for mental health support and to minimise poor health outcomes.

Keywords: COVID-19; HIV & AIDS; epidemiology; mental health.

Figure 1

(A) Stacked bar chart of proportion population by 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score category by healthcare facility. (B) Stacked bar chart of proportion population by PHQ-9 score by facility population size category. HCW, healthcare worker.

Figure 2

Marginal probability of healthcare worker with greater than minimal depression (score ≥5) per 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) score by clinic.