The efficacy and safety of high-dose nonsedating antihistamines in chronic spontaneous urticaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Abstract

Background: Standard doses of second-generation H₁-antihistamines (sgAHs) as first-line treatment are not always effective in treating chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), and hence an increase in the dose of sgAHs is recommended. However, literature evaluating the efficacy and safety of this treatment remains inconclusive, highlighting the need for a systematic review and meta-analysis. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-dose sgAHs compared with standard-dose sgAHs in treating CSU.

Methods: A systematic literature search of double-blind, randomized controlled trials (RCT) utilizing multiple doses of sgAHs was performed by searching the electronic databases Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Cochrane databases, and Web of Science. Bibliographies were also manually searched. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for assessing risk of bias was used to assess the quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and evaluated the risk of bias independently. The response rate, the number of adverse events, somnolence, and withdrawal due to adverse events were extracted from each article. The data were combined and analyzed to quantify the safety and efficacy of the treatment. RevMan (V5.3) software was used for data synthesis.

Results: A total of 13 studies were identified, seven of which met the eligibility criteria for the meta-analysis. Our pooled meta-analyses showed that high-dose sgAHs was associated with a significantly higher response rate than standard-dose (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.26; P = 0.02). Conversely, high doses of sgAHs were associated with significantly higher somnolence rates than standard dose (RD 0.05, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.09; P = 0.02). There was no significant difference in adverse events or withdrawal due to adverse events between standard- and high-dose treatments.

Conclusions: Our analyses showed that a high dose of sgAHs (up to two times the standard dose) might be more effective than a standard dose in CSU treatment. High-dose and standard-dose sgAHs showed similar adverse events, except for somnolence, where incidence was found to be dose-dependent in some studies. However, given the limited number of studies, our meta-analysis results should be interpreted with caution.

Keywords: Chronic spontaneous urticaria; High-dose; Nonsedating antihistamines; Safety; Systematic review and meta-ananlysis.

Fig. 1

Flow diagram illustrating the search strategy used to identify suitable studies

Fig. 2

Risk of bias of the included studies

Fig. 3

A-1 Forest plot of response rate comparing high-dose with standard-dose sgAHs.(subgroup by dose). A-2 Forest plot of response rate comparing high-dose with standard-dose sgAHs.(subgroup by drug). B-1 Forest plot of adverse events comparing high-dose with standard-dose sgAHs.(subgroup by dose). B-2 Forest plot of adverse events comparing high-dose with standard-dose sgAHs.(subgroup by drug). C-1 Forest plot of somnolence comparing high-dose with standard-dose sgAHs.(subgroup by dose). C-2 Forest plot of somnolence comparing high-dose with standard-dose sgAHs.(subgroup by drug). D-1 Forest plot of comparing withdrawal of patients due to adverse events between high-dose and standard-dose sgAHs treatment.(subgroup by dose). D-2 Forest plot of comparing withdrawal of patients due to adverse events between high-dose and standard-dose sgAHs treatment.(subgroup by drug)