Tapeworms detected in wolf populations in Central Italy (Umbria and Marche regions): A long-term study

Abstract

Tapeworms are trophically-transmitted and multi-host parasites with a complex indirect life cycle, strictly depending on predator-prey interactions. Their presence in a free-living population, mainly definitive hosts, is arduous to study due to the complexity of collecting fecal samples. However, epidemiological studies on their frequency are crucial from a public health perspective, providing information on food habits and prey selection of predators. The present study aims to update the frequency of tapeworms detected in stool samples by molecular analysis in Italian wolf populations of Umbria and Marche regions collected from 2014 to 2022. Tapeworm's total frequency was 43.2%. In detail, Taenia serialis was detected in 27 samples (21.6%), T. hydatigena in 22 (17.6%), and Mesocestoides corti (syn. M. vogae) in 2 (1.6%). Three samples were identified as M. litteratus and E. granulosus s.s. (G3) and T. pisiformis, with a proportion of 0.8%, respectively. The low frequency of E. granulosus in a hyperendemic area is discussed. The results show for the first time a high frequency of Taenia serialis not comparable to other Italian studies conducted on wild Carnivora; thus, a new ecological niche is conceivable. These findings suggest a plausible wolf-roe deer cycle for T. serialisin the investigated area.

Keywords: Canis lupus italicus; Cestoda; Echinococcus granulosus; Italian wolves; Taenia serialis; Trophically-transmitted parasites.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

Details of sampling and results: number of wolves by region (A); number of positive wolves (B); percentages of positive and negative samples (C); geolocation of parasites (D).

Fig. 2

Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic tree of the sequenced Taenia species and E. granulosus s.s. G3. Maximum Composite Likelihood method, 1000 bootstraps (MEGA11 Software).