Cardiovascular risk of metabolically healthy obesity in two european populations: Prevention potential from a metabolomic study

Abstract

Background: A new definition of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) has recently been proposed to stratify the heterogeneous mortality risk of obesity. Metabolomic profiling provides clues to metabolic alterations beyond clinical definition. We aimed to evaluate the association between MHO and cardiovascular events and assess its metabolomic pattern.

Methods: This prospective study included Europeans from two population-based studies, the FLEMENGHO and the Hortega study. A total of 2339 participants with follow-up were analyzed, including 2218 with metabolomic profiling. Metabolic health was developed from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the UK biobank cohorts and defined as systolic blood pressure < 130 mmHg, no antihypertensive drugs, waist-to-hip ratio < 0.95 for women or 1.03 for men, and the absence of diabetes. BMI categories included normal weight, overweight, and obesity (BMI < 25, 25-30, ≥ 30 kg/m²). Participants were classified into six subgroups according to BMI category and metabolic healthy status. Outcomes were fatal and nonfatal composited cardiovascular events.

Results: Of 2339 participants, the mean age was 51 years, 1161 (49.6%) were women, 434 (18.6%) had obesity, 117 (5.0%) were classified as MHO, and both cohorts had similar characteristics. Over a median of 9.2-year (3.7-13.0) follow-up, 245 cardiovascular events occurred. Compared to those with metabolically healthy normal weight, individuals with metabolic unhealthy status had a higher risk of cardiovascular events, regardless of BMI category (adjusted HR: 3.30 [95% CI: 1.73-6.28] for normal weight, 2.50 [95% CI: 1.34-4.66] for overweight, and 3.42 [95% CI: 1.81-6.44] for obesity), whereas those with MHO were not at increased risk of cardiovascular events (HR: 1.11 [95% CI: 0.36-3.45]). Factor analysis identified a metabolomic factor mainly associated with glucose regulation, which was associated with cardiovascular events (HR: 1.22 [95% CI: 1.10-1.36]). Individuals with MHO tended to present a higher metabolomic factor score than those with metabolically healthy normal weight (0.175 vs. -0.057, P = 0.019), and the score was comparable to metabolically unhealthy obesity (0.175 vs. -0.080, P = 0.91).

Conclusions: Individuals with MHO may not present higher short-term cardiovascular risk but tend to have a metabolomic pattern associated with higher cardiovascular risk, emphasizing a need for early intervention.

Keywords: Cardiovascular risk; Diabetes; Metabolically healthy obesity; Metabolomics; Obesity.

Fig. 1

Cumulative Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Subgroups of Metabolic Healthy Status and Body Mass Index Category. Metabolic health was defined by the new definition (A) and the prior definition based on the absence of metabolic syndromes (Mets definition, B). MHNW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MHOW, metabolically healthy overweight; MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; MUHNW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MUHOW, metabolically unhealthy overweight; MUHO, metabolically unhealthy obesity

Fig. 2

Cardiovascular Risk-associated Metabolomic Factor in Subgroups of Metabolic Healthy Status and Body Mass Index Category. MHNW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MHOW, metabolically healthy overweight; MHO, metabolically healthy obesity; MUHNW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MUHOW, metabolically unhealthy overweight; MUHO, metabolically unhealthy obesity