Achieving Equity in Hospital Performance Assessments Using Composite Race-Specific Measures of Risk-Standardized Readmission and Mortality Rates for Heart Failure

Abstract

Background: The contemporary measures of hospital performance for heart failure hospitalization and 30-day risk-standardized readmission rate (RSRR) and risk-standardized mortality rate (RSMR) are estimated using the same risk adjustment model and overall event rate for all patients. Thus, these measures are mainly driven by the care quality and outcomes for the majority racial and ethnic group, and may not adequately represent the hospital performance for patients of Black and other races.

Methods: Fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries from January 2014 to December 2019 hospitalized with heart failure were identified. Hospital-level 30-day RSRR and RSMR were estimated using the traditional race-agnostic models and the race-specific approach. The composite race-specific performance metric was calculated as the average of the RSRR/RMSR measures derived separately for each race and ethnicity group. Correlation and concordance in hospital performance for all patients and patients of Black and other races were assessed using the composite race-specific and race-agnostic metrics.

Results: The study included 1 903 232 patients (75.7% White [n=1 439 958]; 14.5% Black [n=276 684]; and 9.8% other races [n=186 590]) with heart failure from 1860 hospitals. There was a modest correlation between hospital-level 30-day performance metrics for patients of White versus Black race (Pearson correlation coefficient: RSRR=0.42; RSMR=0.26). Compared with the race-agnostic RSRR and RSMR, composite race-specific metrics for all patients demonstrated stronger correlation with RSRR (correlation coefficient: 0.60 versus 0.74) and RSMR (correlation coefficient: 0.44 versus 0.51) for Black patients. Concordance in hospital performance for all patients and patients of Black race was also higher with race-specific (versus race-agnostic) metrics (RSRR=64% versus 53% concordantly high-performing; 61% versus 51% concordantly low-performing). Race-specific RSRR and RSMR metrics (versus race-agnostic) led to reclassification in performance ranking of 35.8% and 39.2% of hospitals, respectively, with better 30-day and 1-year outcomes for patients of all race groups at hospitals reclassified as high-performing.

Conclusions: Among patients hospitalized with heart failure, race-specific 30-day RSMR and RSRR are more equitable in representing hospital performance for patients of Black and other races.

Keywords: health policy; healthcare disparities; heart failure; mortality; patient readmission; treatment outcome.

Figure 1:

(A) Correlation in 30-day risk-standardized readmission rates (RSRR) between White patients and Black patients (B) Correlation in 30-day risk-standardized mortality rates (RSMR) between White patients and Black patients * r_c denotes correlation coefficient

Figure 2:

(A) Correlation of race-agnostic 30-day risk-standardized readmission rates (RSRR) for all patients with the 30-day RSRR for Black patients. (B) Correlation of race-specific 30-day RSRR for all patients with the 30-day RSRR for Black patients. (C) Correlation of race-agnostic 30-day RSRR for all patients with the 30-day RSRR for White patients. (D) Correlation of race-specific 30-day RSRR for all patients with the 30-day RSRR for White patients * r_c denotes correlation coefficient

Figure 3:

(A) Correlation of race-agnostic 30-day risk-standardized readmission rates (RSMR) for all patients with 30-day RSMR for Black patients. (B) Correlation of race-specific 30-day RSMR for all patients with 30-day RSRR for Black patients. (C) Correlation of race-agnostic 30-day RSMR for all patients with the 30-day RSMR for White patients. (D) Correlation of race-specific 30-day RSMR for all patients with the 30-day RSMR for White patients. * r_c denotes correlation coefficient