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. 2023 Apr 11;13(1):5910.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33078-2.

Thermodynamic, kinetic, and isotherm studies of Direct Blue 86 dye absorption by cellulose hydrogel

Amany G M Shoaib  1 , Safaa Ragab  1 , Amany El Sikaily  1 , Murat Yılmaz  2 , Ahmed El Nemr  3
Affiliations

Thermodynamic, kinetic, and isotherm studies of Direct Blue 86 dye absorption by cellulose hydrogel

Amany G M Shoaib et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

In this study, cellulose hydrogels were simply fabricated by the chemical dissolution method using LiCl/dimethylacetamide as a new method, and the hydrogel produced was investigated for removing Direct Blue 86 (DB86) dye from the aquatic environment. The produced cellulose hydrogel (CAH) was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and TGA analyses. The removal efficiency of DB86 dye using CAH was achieved via a batch equilibrium process. The impact of pH, time of contact, CAH dosage, starting concentration of DB86 dye, and absorption temperature were scanned. The optimum pH for absorption of DB86 dye was determined to be 2. The absorption results obtained were scanned by Langmuir (LIM), Temkin (TIM), Freundlich (FIM), and Dubinin-Radushkevich (DRIM) isotherm models (IMs) and chi-square error (X2) function used to identify the best-fit IMs. The CAH had 53.76 mg/g as a maximum absorption capacity (Qm) calculated from the LIM plot. The TIM was the best fitted to the CAH absorption results. Kinetic absorption results were investigated by pseudo-first-order (PFOM), Elovich (EM), pseudo-second-order (PSOM), film diffusion (FDM), and intraparticle diffusion (IPDM) models. A PSOM with a high R2 (> 0.99) accounted for the majority of the control over the absorption rate. The findings indicate that CAH can potentially remove the DB86 dye from wastewater.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
DB86 dye structure (MF: C32H14CuN8Na2O6S2) (MW: 780.17 g/mol) (C.I.74180) (Acid blue 87, Direct fast turquoise blue GL, Dragon Blue DBL 86) (CAS number: 1330–38-7).
Figure 2
Figure 2
FT-IR analysis of Cellulose (C), Cellulose Hydrogel (CAH), and DB86 dye-Cellulose Hydrogel (DB86-CAH).
Figure 3
Figure 3
TGA, DTA of (a) Cellulose (C), (b) Cellulose Hydrogel (CAH), and (c) DB86 dye-Cellulose Hydrogel (DB86-CAH).
Figure 4
Figure 4
XRD analysis of (a) C, (b) CAH, (c) DB86-CAH samples.
Figure 5
Figure 5
SEM images (a) CAH sample, (b) DB86-CAH sample.
Figure 6
Figure 6
DB86 dye absorption on CAH as a pH impact (a) on the removal %; (b) on the absorption capacity [DB86 dye (50 ppm), adsorbent (1.5 g/L), time of contact (3 h), shacking (200 rpm), and temp. (27 ± 2 °C)].
Figure 7
Figure 7
The absorption of DB86 dye for the 3 h by CAH (C0 of DB86 dye (25–200 mg/L), CAH dose (9.0 g/L), temp. (25 ± 2 °C).
Figure 8
Figure 8
The impact of DB86 dye beginning concentration (25–200 mg/L) using CAH doses (1.5–9.0 g/L) on qe (mg/g), temp. (25 ± 2 °C).
Figure 9
Figure 9
The influence of CAH doses (1.5–9.0 g/L) of various beginning DB86 dye concentrations (25–200 mg/L) on (a) % of removal; (b) qe (mg/g), at temp. (25 ± 2 °C).
Figure 10
Figure 10
Temperature influence on the absorption capacity of CAH (1.5 g/L) at pH 2, DB86 dye (50 ppm) after 180 min.
Figure 11
Figure 11
(a) LIM (b) FIM (c) TIM (d) DRIM profiles for DB86 dye of C0 (25–200 mg/L) on CAH (1.5–9.0 g/L) at (25 ± 2 °C) (e) Differentiation between the experimental results and estimated from IM for DB86 dye of C0 (25–200 mg/L) on CAH (1.5 g/L) at (25 ± 2 °C).
Figure 12
Figure 12
(a) PFOM, (b) PSOM, (c) EM, (d) IPDM, (e) FDM of absorption of DB86 dye [C0 (25–200 mg/L) by CAH dose (9.0 g L−1), temp. (25 ± 2 °C)].
Figure 13
Figure 13
Removal % of DB86 dye by regenerated CAH.
Figure 14
Figure 14
DB86 dye absorption mechanism on CAH.
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