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. 2023 Apr 11;11(1):108.
doi: 10.1186/s40359-023-01130-5.

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, anxiety, and depression

Ida Kupcova  1 , Lubos Danisovic  1 , Martin Klein  2 , Stefan Harsanyi  3
Affiliations

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, anxiety, and depression

Ida Kupcova et al. BMC Psychol. .

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic affected everyone around the globe. Depending on the country, there have been different restrictive epidemiologic measures and also different long-term repercussions. Morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 affected the mental state of every human being. However, social separation and isolation due to the restrictive measures considerably increased this impact. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), anxiety and depression prevalence increased by 25% globally. In this study, we aimed to examine the lasting effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general population.

Methods: A cross-sectional study using an anonymous online-based 45-question online survey was conducted at Comenius University in Bratislava. The questionnaire comprised five general questions and two assessment tools the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). The results of the Self-Rating Scales were statistically examined in association with sex, age, and level of education.

Results: A total of 205 anonymous subjects participated in this study, and no responses were excluded. In the study group, 78 (38.05%) participants were male, and 127 (61.69%) were female. A higher tendency to anxiety was exhibited by female participants (p = 0.012) and the age group under 30 years of age (p = 0.042). The level of education has been identified as a significant factor for changes in mental state, as participants with higher levels of education tended to be in a worse mental state (p = 0.006).

Conclusions: Summarizing two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, the mental state of people with higher levels of education tended to feel worse, while females and younger adults felt more anxiety.

Keywords: Anxiety; COVID-19; Depression; Mental health; Pandemic; Slovakia.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Categories of Zung SAS and SDS scores with clinical interpretation
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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