Emerging Targeted Therapeutic Strategies to Overcome Imatinib Resistance of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Abstract

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common malignant mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. The gold standard for the diagnosis of GISTs is morphologic analysis with an immunohistochemical evaluation plus genomic profiling to assess the mutational status of lesions. The majority of GISTs are driven by gain-of-function mutations in the proto-oncogene c-KIT encoding the tyrosine kinase receptor (TKR) known as KIT and in the platelet-derived growth factor-alpha receptor (PDGFRA) genes. Approved therapeutics are orally available as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting KIT and/or PDGFRA oncogenic activation. Among these, imatinib has changed the management of patients with unresectable or metastatic GISTs, improving their survival time and delaying disease progression. Nevertheless, the majority of patients with GISTs experience disease progression after 2-3 years of imatinib therapy due to the development of secondary KIT mutations. Today, based on the identification of new driving oncogenic mutations, targeted therapy and precision medicine are regarded as the new frontiers for GISTs. This article reviews the most important mutations in GISTs and highlights their importance in the current understanding and treatment options of GISTs, with an emphasis on the most recent clinical trials.

Keywords: biomarkers; drug resistance; gastrointestinal stromal tumors; targeted therapies.

Figure 1

Molecular analysis of GISTs.

Figure 2

Primary and secondary mutations of KIT and PDGFRA genes in GISTs. ED: extracellular domain; JMD: juxtamembrane domain; TKI: tyrosine kinase domain 1; TKII: tyrosine kinase domain 2; KP: kinase pocket.