The Potential Benefits of Quercetin for Brain Health: A Review of Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Mechanisms

Abstract

Neuroinflammation is a critical factor in developing and progressing numerous brain diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic or excessive neuroinflammation can lead to neurotoxicity, causing brain damage and contributing to the onset and progression of various brain diseases. Therefore, understanding neuroinflammation mechanisms and developing strategies to control them is crucial for treating brain diseases. Studies have shown that neuroinflammation plays a vital role in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD), and stroke. Additionally, the effects of PM_2.5 pollution on the brain, including neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity, are well-documented. Quercetin is a flavonoid, a plant pigment in many fruits, vegetables, and grains. Quercetin has been studied for its potential health benefits, including its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. Quercetin may also have a positive impact on immune function and allergy symptoms. In addition, quercetin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties and can activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor that modulates inflammation and oxidative stress. By reducing inflammation and protecting against neuroinflammatory toxicity, quercetin holds promise as a safe and effective adjunctive therapy for treating neurodegenerative diseases and other brain disorders. Understanding and controlling the mechanisms of NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome pathways are crucial for preventing and treating conditions, and quercetin may be a promising tool in this effort. This review article aims to discuss the role of neuroinflammation in the development and progression of various brain disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases and stroke, and the impact of PM_2.5 pollution on the brain. The paper also highlights quercetin's potential health benefits and anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties.

Keywords: AMPK; NF-κB; NLRP3 inflammasome; anti-inflammatory agents; neuroprotection; quercetin.

Figure 1

Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathological processes of AD, PD, stroke, and PM_2.5 pollution in the brain.

Figure 2

Quercetin is an anti-inflammatory agent for NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome in the brain of AD, PD, stroke, and PM_2.5 pollution.

Figure 3

Quercetin is an anti-inflammatory agent via AMPK and is neuroprotective for NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome in neuroinflammatory toxicity. AMPK activation by quercetin can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, by inhibiting NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. Quercetin’s anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects make it a promising candidate for treating neuroinflammatory disorders, including those associated with exposure to environmental toxins. The image was created in BioRender.