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. 2023 Apr 5;24(7):6766.
doi: 10.3390/ijms24076766.

Determination of Phenol with Peroxidase Immobilized on CaCO3

Aleksandr L Kim  1 , Alexey V Dubrovskii  1 , Egor V Musin  1 , Sergey A Tikhonenko  1
Affiliations

Determination of Phenol with Peroxidase Immobilized on CaCO3

Aleksandr L Kim et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Phenols are widely used in industries despite their toxicity, which requires governments to limit their concentration in water to 5 mg/L before discharge to the city sewer. Thus, it is essential to develop a rapid, simple, and low-cost detection method for phenol. This study explored two pathways of peroxidase immobilization to develop a phenol detection system: peroxidase encapsulation into polyelectrolyte microcapsules and peroxidase captured by CaCO3. The encapsulation of peroxidase decreased enzyme activity by 96%; thus, this method cannot be used for detection systems. The capturing process of peroxidase by CaCO3 microspherulites did not affect the maximum reaction rate and the Michaelis constant of peroxidase. The native peroxidase-Vmax = 109 µM/min, Km = 994 µM; CaCO3-peroxidase-Vmax = 93.5 µM/min, Km = 956 µM. Ultimately, a reusable phenol detection system based on CaCO3 microparticles with immobilized peroxidase was developed, capable of detecting phenol in the range of 700 ng/mL to 14 µg/mL, with an error not exceeding 5%, and having a relatively low cost and production time. The efficiency of the system was confirmed by determining the content of phenol in a paintwork product.

Keywords: CaCO3 particles; enzyme detection system; peroxidase; phenol; phenol detection system.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The scheme of the peroxidase encapsulation in polyelectrolyte microcapsules (A). The optical microscopy images of PMC (B). The PMC diameter distribution function (C).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Activity of native and encapsulated peroxidase with different shell composition.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The scheme of the peroxidase-CaCO3 co-precipitation (A). The optical microscopy images of the CaCO3 microspherulites (B). The CaCO3 microspherulites diameter distribution function (C).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The activity of peroxidase captured by CaCO3 depending on phenol concentration.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The optical density of the analyzed solution depending on the concentration of phenol.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The reuse ability of CaCO3–peroxidase microparticles for the determination of phenol concentration.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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