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. 2023 Apr 5;24(7):6781.
doi: 10.3390/ijms24076781.

New Insight into Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Integrative Analysis Approach to Identify TheranoMiRNAs

Francesco Sessa  1 , Monica Salerno  1 , Massimiliano Esposito  1 , Giuseppe Cocimano  2 , Daniela Pisanelli  3 , Abdul Malik  4 , Azmat Ali Khan  5 , Cristoforo Pomara  1
Affiliations

New Insight into Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Diseases: An Integrative Analysis Approach to Identify TheranoMiRNAs

Francesco Sessa et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

MiRNAs regulate both physiological and pathological heart functions. Altered expression of miRNAs is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), making miRNAs attractive therapeutic strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases. A recent publication defined, for the first time, the term theranoMiRNA, meaning the miRNAs that may be used both for diagnosis and treatment. The use of in silico tools may be considered fundamental for these purposes, clarifying several molecular aspects, suggesting future directions for in vivo studies. This study aims to explore different bioinformatic tools in order to clarify miRNA interactions with candidate genes, demonstrating the need to use a computational approach when establishing the most probable associations between miRNAs and target genes. This study focused on the functions of miR-133a-3p, miR-21-5p, miR-499a-5p, miR-1-3p, and miR-126-3p, providing an up-to-date overview, and suggests future lines of research in the identification of theranoMiRNAs related to CVDs. Based on the results of the present study, we elucidated the molecular mechanisms that could be linked between miRNAs and CVDs, confirming that these miRNAs play an active role in the genesis and development of heart damage. Given that CVDs are the leading cause of death in the world, the identification of theranoMiRNAs is crucial, hence the need for a definition of in vivo studies in order to obtain further evidence in this challenging field of research.

Keywords: cardiovascular diseases (CVD); heart damage; heart failure; microRNAs (miRNAs); myocardial infarction; theranoMiRNAs.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Diagram of the experimental protocols that could be applied to perform an in vivo study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Word cloud for hsa-miR-133a (a); hsa-miR-21 (b); hsa-miR-499a (c); hsa-miR-1 (d); hsa-miR-126 (e).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The relationship between the uploaded miRNA set and cell functions. As summarized in the graph, these miRNAs are involved in several essential functions, such as heart development, muscle damage, cardiogenesis, cardiac regeneration, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) Summary of the plot of the miRNA set and the transcriptional factors influenced by their molecular actions. (b) Summary of the main diseases correlated with this miRNA dataset.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The regulatory network of has-miR-133a-3p and the TAGLN2 gene (a); (b) the regulatory network of interaction between the tested miRNA and FSCN1 gene.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The regulatory network of has-miR-21 and the PDCD gene (a); (b) shows the regulatory network of interaction between the tested miRNA and the RASGRP1 gene; (c) shows the network relative to the BTG2 gene.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The regulatory network of hsa-miR-499a-5p and the SOX6 gene.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The regulatory network of has-miR-1 and the PTMA gene (a); (b) shows the regulatory network of the interaction between the tested miRNA and the SERP1 gene; (c) shows the network relative to the SRSF9 gene.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The regulatory network of has-miR-126 and the VEGFA gene (a); (b) the regulatory network of interaction between the tested miRNA and the SOX2 gene.
Figure 10
Figure 10
The workflow adopted to perform this in silico study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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