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. 2023 Mar 24;13(7):1156.
doi: 10.3390/ani13071156.

Chinese Domestic Ducks Evolved from Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and Spot-Billed Duck (A. zonorhyncha)

Yang Zhang  1 , Qiang Bao  1 , Zhi Cao  1 , Youqing Bian  2 , Yu Zhang  1 , Zhengfeng Cao  1 , Guohong Chen  1   3 , Qi Xu  1
Affiliations

Chinese Domestic Ducks Evolved from Mallard Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and Spot-Billed Duck (A. zonorhyncha)

Yang Zhang et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

China has a rich genetic resource in its 34 domestic duck breeds. In order to detect the genetic diversity and explore the origin of these indigenous duck populations, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was sequenced and analyzed for 208 individual ducks, including 22 domestic breeds, wild Mallards ducks, Eastern spot-billed ducks, White Muscovy ducks, and Black Muscovy ducks. The haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.653 and the average nucleotide diversity (Pi) was 0.005, indicating moderate genetic diversity. Sixty haplotypes were detected, and the maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree and median-joining (MJ) network were generated from the sequence analyses. In this study, haplotypes from the Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) were detected in most of the Chinese domestic duck breeds. In addition, the Eastern spot-billed duck (A. zonorhyncha) H8 haplotype was detected in two duck breeds. Only two haplotypes were found in Muscovy ducks, suggesting low genetic diversity within this population. The sequence and haplotype analyses revealed that both A. platyrhynchos and A. zonorhyncha contributed to the evolution of domestic ducks in China.

Keywords: duck; genetic diversity; mitochondrial DNA; origin.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Images of 26 individual duck populations. Images were captured with a digital camera (Olympus, Japan). High-resolution images of each representative duck population are shown in Supplementary Figure S1.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The site of primers according to the Beijing duck sequence (GenBank accession number NC_009684L16770).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Variable sites in the mtDNA control region for haplotypes from domestic and Mallard ducks. · indicates identical nucleotides. Numbers on far right indicate the number of individual ducks with the haplotype.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Phylogenetic tree based on mtDNA control region sequences for the 26 duck populations.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The median-joining networks of mtDNA D-loop haplotypes. The colors represent different duck populations.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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